Is there any evidence of the crucifixion of Jesus outside of the bible?
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The article Ancient Evidence for Jesus from Non-Christian Sources lists various historical accounts. In particular,
"Tacitus, Josephus, the Talmud, and Lucian all mention that He was crucified."
The Roman historian Tacitus:
"Christus, from whom the name had its origin, suffered the extreme penalty during the reign of Tiberius at the hands of ... Pontius Pilatus"
Josephus the ancient historian wrote (there is debate about its authenticity)
"When Pilate ... condemned him to be crucified, those who had ... come to love him did not give up their affection for him."
The Babylonian Talmud has
"On the eve of the Passover Yeshu was hanged."
Lucian writes
"The Christians ... worship the crucified sage"
I don't think any of this evidence would be overwhelming to a Muslim.
Similarly, there is a large amount of historical, non-Biblical Christian writings which claim Jesus was crucified.
I think a better line of argument is that the early Christian community believed this. Read Paul's letters. Paul knew Peter, James, John, and so on. Did Paul believe this? If not, why did he risk stoning, beating, whipping, and imprisonment for it? The same argument applies to Christians more generally.
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