Categorizing common thoughts patterns and believes

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There are different classifications for unwholesome thoughts:

Vipallasa

(can be compared to "cognitive distortions" from contemporary cognitive psychology. I assume you have those mentioned in your app). Vipallasa are misconceptions regarding:

  • The impermanent (anicca) being permanent
  • Pain (dukkha) being pleasant or happiness-yielding
  • That which lacks a self (anatta) being a self
  • That which is repulsive (asubha) being pure or beautiful

https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an04/an04.049.olen.html

Akusala cetasikas

These are mental factors grouped in four categories. They are not cognitions in the strict sense, but still has relevance for your question (The five hindrances are included in the akusala cetasikas):

Universal unwholesome mental factors (akusalasadharana):

  • Moha - delusion
  • Ahirika - lack of shame
  • Anottappa - disregard for consequence
  • Uddhacca - restlessness

Greed group (lobha):

  • Lobha - greed
  • Diṭṭhi - wrong view
  • Māna - conceit

Hatred group (dosa):

  • Dosa - hatred
  • Issā - envy
  • Macchariya - miserliness
  • Kukkucca - regret

Other unwholesome mental factors:

  • Thīna - sloth
  • Middha - torpor
  • Vicikicchā - doubt

(A good abhidhamma source for the akusala cetasikas turned out to be really hard to find online)

These are concepts on the top of my head, and could need more elaboration. Also, ChrisW pointed out that you might have asked for everyday examples, and not classifications from dhamma if i understand you.

However, one may have to connect the theoretical dharma concepts with thoughts actually appearing in everyday life by observing vinnana with the aid of meditation. Vipassana is inevitable for understanding dharma:

There is the development of concentration that, when developed & pursued, leads to a pleasant abiding in the here & now. There is the development of concentration that, when developed & pursued, leads to the attainment of knowledge & vision. There is the development of concentration that, when developed & pursued, leads to mindfulness & alertness. There is the development of concentration that, when developed & pursued, leads to the ending of the effluents.

https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an04/an04.041.than.html

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