What is ignorance in Buddhism and what are examples of ignorance?

Avijja is uneducation about causes and effects, that arise and banish, or ariseless (NIBBANA).

The Pali term for ignorance is avijja. Avijja is sometimes equated to delusion (moha). But this is obviously a mistake because delusion involves false belief whereas ignorance is a lack of belief. There is a vast difference between false belief and the lack of belief. There is at least some hope in finding our false beliefs because they show up when we find relevant true beliefs. But lack of belief leaves us blind. Intellectually, of course, we can find new truths (such as the Dharma) that deal with intellectual ignorance. But that is not what avijja is about. Avijja is about a lack of awareness or perceptual knowledge. Without the appropriate awareness, a person remains ignorant in the sense meant by avijja. Knowing the Buddhist teachings is a good start, but only mindfulness meditation can deal with avijja. In my own practice of 50 years of mindfulness meditation, I can look back at earlier times and realize that, even though I was very familiar with Buddhadharma, my avijja was vast. And now, even though I am now aware of the foundations of the Teachings, I know that, on the level of awareness, the universe I have yet to explore is vast. Such is the nature of avijja.

What is ignorance? Answer: Not knowing the law of cause and effect.

How is it different to delusions or are they the same? Answer: A delusion is based upon ignorance.
Delusion is a thought that comes about by poor interpretation of input we come into contact with.
For example: you smile at a person or see a person and that person believes there is a deep relationship.

What are real world examples of ignorance?

• speeding in a 35mph zone unaware of the sign
• not knowing the time at a given moment
• not being aware of some important phenomena such as a storm in another town.

Deluded belief is when a person does something wrong and knows that it's wrong but does it anyway. (Or knows something is wrong, etc. Or Believes something wrong and knows that it's wrong but continues with wrong belief).

Will add:

Ignorance is:

• ignoring the neurobiological tendency of the mind to get "addicted" to pleasurable things with several repetitions: "whatever we often think and ponder upon, that becomes the inclination of the mind".
• ignoring the negative, afflictive, repulsive, aversive in our minds, like the greed people, wanting only good stuff. As everything changes, we get good AND bad (although ultimately there is no good or bad, just THIS HAPPENING)

For me, the above was a personal insight and helped relate to he already mentioned Four Noble Truths 🔷️ and the noble Eight-Fold Path ♾️

🧘🏻‍♂️🌬🤲🏼🦋

Ignorance or avijja, in the context of dependent origination, is the force of nature that gives rise to the mind-body phenomena, and also gives rise to the underlying tendencies that drive us towards craving. It's the natural or evolutionary instinct that drives us towards survival, sensual enjoyment and individual existence. And, according to the second noble truth, the cause of suffering is craving.

Delusion or moha, in the context of the three poisons, is a state of mind that clouds the mind from seeing things clearly and be stuck in manifesting one or both of the other two poisons - greed or lust (raga) and aversion or hate (dosa).

I liked Tenzin Dorje's answer to this question. In it, he mentions two types of ignorance. The first is ignorance of various kinds of knowledge. The second type of ignorance seems to refer to a specific misunderstanding arrived at as a result of ignorance.  That second type of ignorance dovetails nicely with this footnote from Ajaan Maha Boowa in his bio of Ajaan Mun. He calls it fundamental ignorance. I found it insightful, and worth sharing:

13. Here Ãcariya Mun contrasts relative, conventional reality (sammuti) with Absolute Freedom (vimutti).

The citta, the mind’s essential knowing nature, has been dominated by fundamental ignorance (avijjã) since time immemorial. This fundamental ignorance has created within the citta a center or focal point of the knower. The existence of that false center engenders an individual perspective which is the nucleus of self-identity. This “self” forms perceptions of duality (the knower and the known) and from there awareness flows out to produce the world of the 5 khandhas and of all sensory experience, which in turn reinforce the knower’s sense of individuality. It all begins with the currents of the citta, which flow out to create the entire sensory world, the world of conditioned phenomena. Because of this, it is said that all physical and mental phenomena are relative, conventional realities (sammuti). They exist only relative to the knower, the one who perceives them. As such they are merely conventions that the citta has brought into being and given a subjective identity to in order to experience its own manifestations. In turn, these manifestations become incorporated into the citta’s sense of its own identity. Thus the known becomes indistinguishable from the knower, and duality comes full circle, trapping the citta in a web of self-delusion. The citta is reduced to depending on its manifestations to assess the nature of its own existence.

When fundamental ignorance has been destroyed, the focal point of the knower disintegrates, which causes the “self” perspective to disappear from the citta altogether. With the disappearance of self-identity, all manifestations of the citta, all relative, conventional realities, are divested of their power to deceive and no longer appear within the citta. Although they do continue to play a role, in the form of the 5 khandhas, as long as the Arahant remains alive, they are no longer incorporated into the citta’s identity and have no part in conditioning its outlook. This is called vimutti – absolute freedom from all conditions. No conditions whatsoever exist for this freedom.

Ignorance is not seeing things as they are due to clouding by our perception, views, unskilled nature scattered nature of our mind. In relation to unsatisfactory nature of existence, it is not seeing the 3 marks of existence, the 4 noble truths and dependent origination.

Delusion can be the perception and view itself.

There are two types of ignorance:

1. Ignorance of not knowing (such as explained by Orion; and there is also not knowing [about] karma, and so forth). As Tsongkhapa writes in the Middle-Length Lam Rim:

   Ignorance Ignorance is afflicted un-knowing due to a mind that is unclear with regard to the nature of the four truths, actions and their effects, and the Three Jewels.

2. ignorance which is a mistaken mode of apprehension.

The entity of ignorance which is 'a mistaken mode of apprehension' vary depending Tenets. For instance, Prasangika-Madhyamikas tend to define it as the conception of inherent existence of person and phenomena.

Though, all Tenets posit this ignorance as:

• An affliction. It is thus called 'afflicted ignorance'
• The first of the twelve links of dependent-arising
• The root of cyclic existence

• The basis on which depend all other afflictions

  Likewise, through the darkness of ignorance obscuring the clear mode of subsistence of the aggregates, the deception regarding the aggregates as a self arises, and from that the other mental afflictions arise.

• A wrong consciousness

• A conceptual consciousness
• Concealing reality

• The exact opposite of the exalted wisdom directly realizing emptiness

  Although in general ignorance is posited as the mere opposite of knowledge, here it is the opposite of the knowledge realizing the lack of true existence

• Superimposition of [a non-existent mode of existence, which vary in dependence of Tenets]

• And so forth.

In Mahayana Buddhism "ignorance" has a special meaning. It's not just not knowing stuff, it's making generalizations and assumptions based on superficial observations.

It starts with us making a generalization about things we don't fully know. Once we have made this mistake we have set ourselves up for trouble. Indeed, if we operate based on flawed assumptions it's only a matter of time before we clash with things as they really are. Unfortunately, most of us keep on grasping to our assumptions even after they are proven to be false. We keep on craving for things to be as we imagine them and suffer when they don't agree. Thus it is said that craving is the immediate cause of suffering, grasping (or attachment) is its condition and ignorance is its ultimate root.

You can see this mechanism at play in most conflicts: from global political and religious confrontations to a kitchen argument between you and your teenage child. It is in the nature of the developing human mind to make observations and build assumptions, even if both are simplistic and flawed.