Upvote:-2
What is being asked is perfectly clear: "What can I do to get some of the money back for all the added expenses?"
Which is followed by almost the obvious answer: Ask the same question of your travel insurance company.
Upvote:18
Check the terms and conditions of your cruise. You'll find in there a clause that makes you responsible for having the correct documentation. In this case you didn't and everything after that is down to you.
The passport office won't accept any responsibility for consequential loss - i.e. they won't be held responsible for you missing your ship because they were 'late'.
You can look up the 1886 Jones Act on Wikipedia. It lays down rules about the transport of passengers by non-US-flagged vessels.
Specifically, if you had boarded your ship in Seattle as planned, you could have returned to Seattle to disembark. However, because you boarded in Ketchikan, allowing you to disembark in Seattle would constitute transporting you between US ports - illegal by non US vessels. A substantial fine can be levied: the Wikipedia article mentions $762 per passenger.
You can try approaching your insurer, but it's unlikely they'll pay out for a forgotten passport.
TL;DR You're responsible for having the right documentation. If you didn't, you are responsible for any expenses accruing from that.