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A citizen of Colombia does not need a visa to enter Brazil for a visit of up to 90 days. You can just show up and present your passport or CΓ©dula de CiudadanΓa (ID card).
You do need a visa to visit Canada though. You are allowed to apply for it from within the United States, but since it may take several weeks to process, you probably do not have enough time to receive it. If possible you should apply for the Canada visa before you leave Colombia. At the time of writing, the processing time for applications made in the USA is 42 days, and from Colombia is 16 days.
If you apply from the USA, there are special instructions to be aware of in addition to the normal applicaton process. Otherwise follow the application process in Colombia.