Upvote:3
According to the site from the German Missions in the United States you do need a visa if you have to get your luggage and check-in again in Germany. Also, the website suggests that you wouldn't need an airport transit visa (the US visa exempts you from that particular requirement) but a full Schengen visa, presumably because you need to leave the transit area (i.e. the journey does not fall under the rules for transit at all, so whether you need a transit visa or qualify for a transit-related visa exemption is not relevant anymore).
Generally speaking, you cannot get a Schengen visa at the airport (there are a few exceptions for EU citizens' family and emergencies but it's certainly not standard procedure) and airlines will want to see a proof that you have a right to enter the destination country (or have all the required documentation to transit) as they can be fined and forced to take you back if they did not check before allowing you to board the plane.