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If you consider yourself to be moving from a foreign country to the US, you are eligible for "special enrollment period" treatment under the ACA, and can buy health insurance as described on healthcare.gov. You have to show proof that your are moving from a foreign country to the US, and that you already had coverage in the foreign country, and the coverage can only take effect on the first day of a month. However, there is no "minimum period of residency" before you are eligible. You can call the phone number given on healthcare.gov for further guidance.