Upvote:4
No. What you can do, is apply for a temporary passport together with your application for a permanent passport. The temporary passport is ready in 2 days. In order to be eligible for one, you must show a flight ticket booked in your name that leaves in less than 6 weeks.
If 2 days is too much for you to wait, you can get a temporary passport on the spot at Ben Gurion Airport. There it costs more and you need a plane ticket in your name for the next 48 hours.