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There is at least one such place! The Museum of Contemporary Art (MSU) in Zagreb, Croatia has two of his slides installed in a double helix!
One entrance to the slides is from the second floor, near where you enter the permanent collection. The other is on the third floor, at the end of the collection.
This has the effect that if you tour the permanent collection in the recommended order, you'll get to the end right by the entrance to the higher of the two slides, and can have a fun + unusual trip back to the entrance! (There's a staff member near the entrance to hand you a mat to go down on). Alternately, if you just want to enjoy the slide, go up the stairs from the ticket office into the gallery, turn left and left again, then take the shorter slide straight back down again. Wwhheeee! :)
Unlike at the Tate Modern, there was no queue when I came to have a go. The rest of the museum was excellent too, so it's well worth going anyway, and the Carsten HΓΆller slides prove an added bonus!