In what airports do I undergo US exit immigration checks, if I have a connecting flight?

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In USA, there is no exit checks. That means, you don't have to go through a passport control, either in EWR or Detroit. Your details will be provided by your airline to the US government and your exit will be recorded. Your bags will be checked through to India. For India, you have to go through immigration and customs at first point of entry.

When coming in to USA, you have to go through immigration on the first point of entry. There, you have to collect your bags, go through customs and recheck the bags, which will go to final destination.

Some exceptions:

  1. There might be officers from CBP that does random checks. But when departing, even if you overstay for a significant time, they won't stop you from leaving. There is no fine or criminal penalty for overstaying in US (You will be banned from entering US for some years, or will have difficulty obtaining the next visa). So, they will be happy that you are leaving on your own, without causing them expenses to detain and remove you.
  2. When entering US, there are some airports, which has US preclearance facility. In that case, you will be going through immigration and customs at that airport and will be arriving in US similar to a domestic flight. In that case, your baggage will be checked through to your final destination and there will be no checks when you arrive in the US.

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