Just what is unhealthy in the water in Mexico?

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You can probably look at Index Mundi as a starting point, which lists potential food and waterborne diseases like:

food or waterborne diseases acquired through eating or drinking on the local economy:

Hepatitis A - viral disease that interferes with the functioning of the liver; spread through consumption of food or water contaminated with fecal matter, principally in areas of poor sanitation; victims exhibit fever, jaundice, and diarrhea; 15% of victims will experience prolonged symptoms over 6-9 months; vaccine available.

Hepatitis E - water-borne viral disease that interferes with the functioning of the liver; most commonly spread through fecal contamination of drinking water; victims exhibit jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, and dark colored urine.

Typhoid fever - bacterial disease spread through contact with food or water contaminated by fecal matter or sewage; victims exhibit sustained high fevers; left untreated, mortality rates can reach 20%.

What else could potentially be in the water might depend on the region and industry such as potentially pesticides or other chemicals.

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This came up in a microbio class I took in college. Apparently Giardia is a major player in the problem with Mexico's water. It is a parasite that is very easily spread, especially when water municipalities aren't up to par. I did a quick search for some more in depth info on Giardia so I didn't have to type it all out again. I would say your water filter should help as far as drinking water is concerned, but you also have to be careful about contaminated food, pools, other people, etc. http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/giardia-infection/basics/definition/CON-20024686

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