What is the earliest example of the usage of 'Nazis' to refer clearly and exclusively to the National-Socialists?
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The Term Nazi, referring to the NSDAP originated alluding to the existing derogatory definition by political opponents of the National Socialists the German Labor movement. As you say around 1924 from the The Third Reich Sourcebook.
The first use of the term "Nazi" by a NSDAP member to refer to the NSDAP was during an abortive attempt to reclaim the word beginning in 1926 by Joseph Goebbels in an early pamphlet called Der Nazi-Sozi or The Nazi-Sozi.
In general the NSDAP did not use the word Nazi seeing it as a derogative. Again as you state in your question, it only became widely used in Germany to refer to the National Socialists after WWII.
Nazism Etomology
In the 1920s, political opponents of the NSDAP in the German labour movement seized on this and – using the earlier abbreviated term "Sozi" for Sozialist (English: Socialist) as an example – shortened NSDAP's name, Nationalsozialistische, to the dismissive "Nazi", in order to associate them with the derogatory use of the term mentioned above.The first use of the term "Nazi" by the National Socialists occurred in 1926 in a publication by Joseph Goebbels called Der Nazi-Sozi ["The Nazi-Sozi"]. In Goebbels' pamphlet, the word "Nazi" only appears when linked with the word "Sozi" as an abbreviation of "National Socialism"
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