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Chronology is the science of arranging events in their order of occurrence in time. Perhaps you are interested in the variety of calendars used over time and in different cultures.
It is worth noting that time determination is not a trivial task in computing, despite a standard being developed for it: ISO 8601. This is due to issues such as cultural differences, calendar changes, intercalcary months, weeks, days or seconds, daylight savings changes and time zones.