How do we know the patricians of Rome?
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No, we do not.
The origin itself is disputed. The 100 senator story is a quote from Livy, but there are alternative theories, both religious and/or hereditary in nature. There are no contemporary sources to confirm and in my opinion there have been multiple sources for what later became the dominant political class.
Fact is that the patrician class originated very early and became strictly hereditary for a long period of time. There are some 55 gens known to be patrician and this list is known to be incomplete.
Prominant examples are Julia, Fabia and Claudia.
Consular status is only one place to look for evidence of patrician status. King Servius Tullius' census is an earlier source. Priesthood was originally a patrician monopoly which declined as plebeian influence grew. Still for a long time only patricians could hold important posts like the office of interrex or interim head of state.
Eventually at the time of the late republic being a patrician became a political liability rather than an advantage. During the empire the emperor was required to be a patrician and was the only person that could instate new patricians. These appointments should be well documented but I cannot find at this time a good source.
References:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/patrician
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)
A Companion to Livy edited by Bernard Mineo
The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization edited by Simon Hornblower, Antony Spawforth, Esther Eidinow
Patricians and Plebeians: The Origin of the Roman State by Richard E. Mitchell
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