Were the Chinese Warlords backed by other countries?

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Accepted answer

Zhang Zuolin in Manchuria was helped by the Japanese. Maybe you can find more on him. There's more on this in the article about his assassination by Japanese extremists* (or, rather, somewhat rogue members of the Japanese military). The latter article also mentions American and European support for the Zhili Clique, and Soviet support for the Kuomintang.

Zhang Zuolin apparently had fought along with the Japanese in the Russo-Japanese war, and also sparred with the Russians over Mongolia.

Here's some more information about the relationship between the Japanese government and Zhang Zuolin.

*- Note... the Japanese extremists committed the assassination, they didn't write the article. :)

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