How was the vast Khazar fortress of Sarkel destroyed?
score:6
Some of this history is still controversial (namely, the actual location of Sarkel).
Following is what I have extracted from the book S. Pletneva, "Essays on Khazar archeology," ("Очерки хазарской археологии") Jerusalem, 1999, that was written mostly on the basis of archeological excavations, namely, Artamonov's expedition (Artamonov was Pletneva's PhD advisor).
Page 98:
Sarkel was completely destroyed [by Sviatoslav I]. Many brick buildings were totally demolished, including the Central Gates and the Market Square.
After that, Pletvena continues,
parts of Sarkel were resettled by Slavs and nomads (Pechenegs and Oghuz) who started to build their huts on the remnants of the fortress, especially, in the less destroyed part of Sarkel, the citadel.
Pletneva refers to this as the second period in the life of Sarkel.
Around the same time, another fortress, on the opposite side of the river, was built from white stone. [This makes sense: Most medieval Russian cities were built on the right side of rivers.] According to Pletneva, the construction of that fortress was left unfinished. The fortress was demolished only in 1744 (page 105 of the same book).
Given this, one should differentiate between Sarkel and Belaya Vezha.
Here is what Artamonov says about the latter in his article "Белая Вежа — русская колония в степях Подонья":
Apparently, because of the unbearable conditions prevailing for the Russian population of the city due to the frequent clashes with the Polovtsy, Belaya Vezha, according to the Russian historic annals, was abandoned by its residents in 1117.... Archaeological evidence confirms this. In the XII century, Belaya Vezha became uninhabited....
Upvote:1
Sviatoslav I destroyed Sarkel. He built a settlement there called Bela Vezha, "white tower". This lasted until the Cumans, who then used it as a winter campground.
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