Did Saint Paul preach at the Theater in Philippi?

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There is no evidence that Paul preached at the theatre at Philippi. Nor is there any evidence that he preached at the theatre at Ephesus as stated by the OP.

Although the historicity of Paul is generally accepted, almost everything which has been written about him is sourced from the bible. The Acts of the Apostles are the main source of biographical information on Paul but there is much there which conflicts with other biblical texts. Consequently, everything must be treated with extreme caution. That said, seven of Paul’s letters are generally considered to be genuine (i.e. written by him).

There is no evidence that Paul ever preached in the theatre at Philippi. Neither Acts nor Paul’s letters say or even suggest that he did. The Cambridge Companion to St. Paul says that:

...Paul was likely to have been at a disadvantage in the public domain, having neither the oratorical skills nor the necessary sponsor to give him an entree...

Thus,

It is no accident that patrons, households and house churches are so prominent in the letters of Paul the missionary. As a place and social context for preaching the gospel, the private house offered certain advantages over preaching in synagogues and public places.

S. K. Stowers, ‘Social Status, Public Speaking and Private Teaching: The Circumstances of Paul’s Preaching Activity’, (quoted in The Cambridge Companion to St. Paul)

enter image description here Philippi's forum and basilica B seen from the acropolis. Under the remains of this forum lies an older forum where Paul was apparently arrested. Attrib: By No machine-readable author provided. Marsyas assumed (based on copyright claims). [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/)], via Wikimedia Commons

Nor, in fact, is there any evidence that he preached in the theatre at Ephesus, despite what many sites say (see here and here, for example). Referring to Ephesus, the Turkish Archaeological News site article Great Theatre in Ephesus states

The theater is often mentioned in the context of St. Paul's visit to Ephesus. The common misconception is that he actually preached in the theatre. Actually, there is no historical evidence of St. Paul's presence in the theatre. Moreover, it was under reconstruction at that moment. The situation, as it is described in the Acts of the Apostles (19:23-41), developed after a local jeweler named Demetrius encouraged the crowd to chant "Great is the goddess Diana of Ephesus!". His motivation was the fear of a drop in sales of statues depicting the goddess. The crowd started moving towards the theatre, but St. Paul was encouraged by his friends not to enter the theatre. The riot provoked by Demetrius forced Paul to leave the city.

Other source:

W. Rees, St Paul's First Visit to Philippi (pdf)

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