Construction of the Great Cothon of Carthage
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According to this source, Carthage remained a minor Phoenician outpost until after the fall of Tyre to Alexander the Great in 332 BC. At that time many of the wealthy citizens of Tyre, having ransomed themselves from Alexander, moved to Carthage and began the constructions that led to it rapidly becoming the wealthiest city of the Western Mediterranean. If accurate, that would undoubtedly place the construction of the Cothon in the time period between 332 BC and roughly 240 BC.
According to this additional source (page 85, 2nd column) there were two distinct harbors by the time of Scipio's siege during the Third Punic War, both of which were completely enclosed and sheltered. The term Cothon apparently derives from the name of the small island in the middle of the larger, military, harbour. It would seem likely that the smaller Cothon was built first, later supplemented by construction of the larger, though I cannot source this yet.
Here is another translation of the second source above.
Update: Here is a modern satellite photo of the two ports.
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Source: stackoverflow.com
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