How did ships in Britain's Grand Fleet avoid each other during maneuvers?
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Accepted answer
There were a standard set of helm orders and procedures for controlling the ship, communicated via the "signal book," which were designed to ensure that ships did not collide. The ships were not free to manoeuvre independently: there was a hierarchy of people who could give orders:
- The commander-in-chief of the fleet.
- The admiral in command of each squadron.
- The admiral in charge of each division within a squadron.
- Each ship's commander.
This system had become very important in the late nineteenth century after the collision between HMS Victoria, and HMS Camperdown in 1893. This had been the fault of the fleet commander, Admiral George Tryon, who'd given an order that was obviously going to cause a collision, but nobody dared argue.
There is a highly regarded book, The Rules of the Game: Jutland and British Naval Command by Andrew Gordon, on the effects of the Royal Navy's command system on the Navy's ability to fight effectively. It's necessary reading if you want to go into this subject.
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