How were Father-Presidents of California Missions chosen?
score:9
Father-President is a fairly common title in Catholic institutions where the chief executive is a priest.
The Spanish missions in North America were a "co-venture," with the Catholic Church seeking converts and the Spanish Crown seeking to "Hispanize" the native population. The former supplied the manpower for converting and educating the Indians, the latter the funding for salaries, supplies, and military protection; the missionaries. After the suppression of the Jesuits, the Spanish Crown gave the mission franchise in the Californias to Franciscans, who assigned the Californias to the Apostolic College of San Fernando, one of their missionary colleges in Mexico City. The College would have had authority over its priests. The superior in California, i.e. the padre presidente, would have been elected, although in several cases successors were elected in advance, e.g. for Tápis to take command after Lasuén.
Zephyrin Engelhardt's The Franciscans in California says "It had long been the intention to found a series of new missions, each equidistant from two of the old establishments." Most of the general locations were thus set after a series of surveys in the 1790s.
The New Catholic Encyclopedia article on California covers the relationships. After 1783, the father-president was in contact with the Bishop of Sonora, who named some of the father-presidents of the missions as vicar forane ("rural dean"), military vicar, and even vicar general. This provided them ordinary authority, for example, to conduct confirmations, in the absence of the bishop. This situation persisted until 1840. Still, these powers were conferred, and not inherent in the position of father-president, and the selection of father-president remained with the College of San Fernando, not with the episcopate.
In 1812, with Mexican independence, the office was split, with a father-president responsible for strictly ecclesiastical matters and a commissary-prefect (comisario-prefecto) for the missions' business affairs and temporal relations. The first commissary-prefects were appointed by the Franciscan order's Commissary General for the Indies in Spain, but later elected locally, de facto. (The office was vacant from 1830-1836.) In 1833, with Governor Figueroa seeking to rid Mexico of Spanish members of religious orders, the missions in northern California were transferred to the Apostolic College of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Zacatecas.
The New Catholic Encyclopedia gives the following lists.
Father-Presidents
| President | Term(s) of office |
|---|---|
| Junipero Serra | 1768–1784 |
| Fermín Francisco de Lasuén | 1785–1803 |
| Estevan Tapis | 1803–12 |
| José Señan | 1812–15 1820–23 |
| Mariano Payeras | 1815–20 |
| Narciso Durán | 1824–27 1830–36 |
| José Bernardo Sánchez | 1827–30 |
| José Joaquín Jimeno | 1839–53 |
Francisco Palóu served as acting president between Serra and Lasuén.
Father-Presidents in northern California
| Father-President in northern California | Term of office |
|---|---|
| Rafael Moreno | 1833–? |
Commissary-Prefects
| Commissary-Prefect | Term(s) of office |
|---|---|
| Vicente Francisco de Sarriá | 1812–18 1824–30 |
| Mariano Payeras | 1818–23 |
| Narciso Durán | 1836–46 |
| José Joaquín Jimeno | 1846–53 |
Commissary-Prefects in northern California
| Commissary-Prefect in northern California | Term of office |
|---|---|
| Francisco García Diego y Moreno | 1833–1840 |
More post
- 📝 Framers and Criminal Voting Rights
- 📝 When and why did marriage become about love?
- 📝 Who believed the earth was flat?
- 📝 Where is (or was) Project HARP's Yuma Arizona space gun?
- 📝 Did the Mapuche conquer other non-Mapuche tribes?
- 📝 To what extent has the United States become (in 1870) the nation that it originally set out to be?
- 📝 Was the attempt to take Stalingrad a distraction to the original objectives of the German Sixth Army during Case Blue in 1942?
- 📝 How did the Apollo-Soyuz test project affect the relationship between the USSR and USA during the cold war?
- 📝 Identification of harbor and ships
- 📝 Why could Phoenicians sail past Cape Bojador but later Europeans could not until 1434?
- 📝 How granting Kosovo independence was a violation of international law?
- 📝 How did Castro gain control over the Cuban military and police?
- 📝 Which regions/dynasties do the flags in this Fresco about Byzantine-Persian war represent?
- 📝 What were the typical types of ships used in the Persian Navy in the 1730's and 1740's?
- 📝 Why were China and India able to peacefully co-exist for so long?
- 📝 Was the "drowning man prays to God, but ignores the boats God sends" joke/tale known in Ancient Roman times?
- 📝 Are modern handguns a major reason for democratization?
- 📝 Why did countries declare exclusive economic zones of up to 200 nautical miles?
- 📝 Was the Bundesbrief a forgery?
- 📝 How does Upton Sinclair's The Jungle contribute to Historiography?
- 📝 How long did it take to get news of the sighting of the Spanish Armada from Land’s End to London?
- 📝 How did currency exchange work in the Middle Ages, especially if the coins are not recognized?
- 📝 How close did the US come to removing the Electoral College in 1970?
- 📝 Why did slave dealers and buyers in the Antebellum South especially value enslaved persons with "good teeth" and "good front teeth"?
- 📝 Was the title "Democratic-Republican" really used?
- 📝 Why would a rifleman have his bayonet fixed to the rifle in a non-combat situation?
- 📝 Origin of the "Tartar" troops in the First Opium War
- 📝 When and where is this probably silver cross with a hollow from?
- 📝 What happened first? The law that authorized the Cuban government to nationalize US firms or Eisenhower's Cuban sugar quota?
- 📝 Which German cities does this article in The Economist allege that Britain destroyed?
Source: stackoverflow.com
Search Posts
Related post
- 📝 How were Father-Presidents of California Missions chosen?
- 📝 How were the Venera Probe missions received/presented in the Western world during the space race?
- 📝 How were German soldiers chosen to be flown out of Stalingrad?
- 📝 How were native laborers on California ranchos treated?
- 📝 How much smaller were medieval farm animals in England than today?
- 📝 How were tanks scrapped after World War Two?
- 📝 How were smallpox vaccines enforced in the US?
- 📝 How were concentration and extermination camp guards recruited?
- 📝 How severe were the casualties in ancient/medieval battles?
- 📝 How literate were common people in Medieval Europe?
- 📝 How were drawbridges and portcullises used tactically?
- 📝 How common were marital duels in medieval Europe?
- 📝 How kind were the Muslim occupations of North Africa?
- 📝 How were medieval castles built in swamps or marshes without draining them?
- 📝 How were horses disembarked from sail ships?
- 📝 How were Martello towers supposed to work?
- 📝 How were the cities of Milan and Bruges spared by the Black Death?
- 📝 How beneficial were war bonds to the US during WWII
- 📝 How prevalent were recreational drugs in the ancient world?
- 📝 How were Kurds involved (or not) in the invasion of Normandy?
- 📝 How much were telegraphists in the 1950s paid?
- 📝 Were secret treaties ratified? How did they become official while remaining secret?
- 📝 How unfavorable were the terms of Germany's "surrender" in WW1?
- 📝 How were books published in Ancient Greece?
- 📝 How heavily were the British taxing their American colonies?
- 📝 How many lives were estimated to have been saved by the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs?
- 📝 How were diplomats and their staffs treated when World War II was declared?
- 📝 How expensive were castles? And how were the costs distributed?
- 📝 How were nobles 'promoted' in aristocracies?
- 📝 How were Muslim Turks treated in Byzantine Empire?