What taxes were legally required to be paid in silver in Qing China?
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Even under the early Qing when silver was relatively abundant, taxes weren't necessarily paid by households with physical silver, only assessed / denominated in terms of silver. As one article (which cites a book by Man-hong Lin) states:
Qing fiscal revenue... was levied in silver tael but collected from small holders who typically paid in copper cash.
This important modification does not fundamentally contradict the general argument outlined above. Quoting another article:
As the massive inflow of silver, which had sustained China's balance-of-trade surplus through the eighteenth century, suddenly became a trickle by 1820, the Chinese economy went into reverse. Prices dropped, commercial enterprises faltered, and market demand slackened. The rising value of silver (because of its scarcity) also increased the hardship of taxation, because peasants were compelled to relinquish more of their crops in order to meet their tax requisitions that were still assessed in silver. The depreciating copper-silver exchange rate also exacerbated peasant purchasing power.
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Source: stackoverflow.com
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