According to the Gospel of John, on which day of the week was Jesus crucified?

If Jesus was crucified on Nissan 14, which is a date many (though not all) Bible scholars believe to have been the date of his death. The question then becomes what year it took place, as what day of the week have a lot to do with this.

In A.D. 30, Nissan 14 fell on a Wednesday, with Nissan 15 being a Thursday. John states that Jesus was crucified on the day of preparation which was the day before the sabbath. In chapter 19, verse 31, he stated:

"The Jews therefore, because it was the preparation, that the bodies should not remain upon the cross on the sabbath day, (for that sabbath day was an high day,) besought Pilate that their legs might be broken, and that they might be taken away."

Nissan 15 was called the First Day of Unleavened Bread, and was also referred to as a "High Sabbath." It did not necessarily coincide with the regular sabbath.

One thing we must also take into account is that the Bible states that when Jesus was buried he was in the ground three days and three nights. It also states that early in the morning on the first day of the week the tomb was empty. If we start on Friday afternoon, the commonly stated day of the week for the crucifixion, then we have only two nights and one full day before Sunday morning.

If Jesus was crucified on Wednesday, the 14th of Nissan (April 5), in 30 A.D. then he could have been in the tomb from Wednesday evening to Saturday evening, when he rose. Note that none of the Gospels explicitly state that the resurrection occurred on the first day of the week, only that the tomb was found empty at that time. Matthew records and earthquake and an angel rolling away the stone on the first of the week, but that does not mean that Jesus had not already left the tomb. After all, he would not have any need to have the stone moved in order to leave since he could appear among the disciples with all the doors closed and bolted before he arrived. Wednesday, April 5, 30 A.D. seems to fit all the details of the gospels best.

One question I have seen raised against a date in 30 A.D. is that Luke chapter three mentions John's ministry, which started shortly before that of Jesus, as having begun in the fifteenth year of Tiberius Caesar. This would seem to indicate a date in 28 or 29 A.D., just a year or slightly longer before the crucifixion, which would compress the ministry of Jesus into a much shorter time than the commonly accepted period of three years. This is problematic, since John mentions three passover which would mean a period of at least a little over two years for Jesus' ministry. One possible solution might be found in the writings of Seutonius. The dates of 28 or 29 A.D. as the fifteenth year of Caesar Augustus is based on counting the beginning of his reign from either 14 A.D. when Augustus died, or from 13 A.D. when some say he was made co-Princeps with Augustus. Seutonius, however, indicates that Tiberius was made co-Princeps in 12 A.D., just after a triumph was held for him on his return from Germania. This would make the fifteenth year of Tiberius 27 A.D., and the date of 30 A.D. would fit.

Before we can accurately and thoroughly answer this question, we have to first look at two huge issues that are the entire source of the confusion.

This quote is from one of the "answers" and is the classic example of these two myths recycled over and over but it doesn't fit with scripture or history. [Notice the two phrases starred in the quote]

So Jesus was crucified AND buried on a Friday, **the Preparation day for the Passover. Jesus stayed in the tomb from Friday late afternoon until Sunday, the first Day of the week. That would be THREE DAYS in the tomb **according to the way the Jews reckoned 'days'. (A partial day was counted as a day)."

1. Early church leaders and the translators did not understand Jewish feasts, and the specific commands surrounding them, and Jewish culture.
2. People have a flawed and incomplete understanding of something that is known as Jewish inclusive reckoning, and because they don't understand the concept properly, they use it as a red herring to support the fallacious notion of a Friday crucifixion.

Specifically, they didn't understand that Hebrew word Shabbat [the basis for the word Sabbath] is the weekly sabbath but it is also the 7 feasts of the Lord. Pentecost/ Shavuot is Shabbat, Feast of Unleavened bread is Shabbat and Feast of Trumpets/Yom Teruah and Day of Atonement/Yom Kippur are all Shabbat. 1 word used for weekly sabbath and 7 feasts. We see this misnomer perpetuated over and over in commentaries, forums like this and even taught by pastors and laymen alike.

People twist the plain words of scripture and Christ himself to get them to "fit" a narrative perpetuated by the early church because they don't understand Jewish culture and the feasts.

They read the passage in John 19:14-16 and assume that this meant the preparation before the weekly sabbath.

"Now it was the day of preparation for the Passover; it was about the sixth hour. And he said to the Jews, “Behold, your King!” So they cried out, “Away with Him, away with Him, crucify Him!” Pilate *said to them, “Shall I crucify your King?” The chief priests answered, “We have no king but Caesar.”

But in Jewish culture, there are 7 feasts, but some are considered High Sabbaths, in which no work at all can be done - including cooking.

Because Jews use a solar/lunar calendar, all the feasts for the entire year are based on the lunar cycle, and each month starts with a new moon and this means that Passover which is Nisan 14th always lands on a full moon. Passover is the 14th of Nisan, and is the preparation for the High Sabbath of Feast of Unleavened bread in which no work could be done, - no cooking, making a fire, or buying or selling of spices.

John also states explicitly that there was a Special or High Sabbath, and it was for this reason that they had to get the bodies down from the cross before the High Sabbath began at sunset.

Matthew also records that there were two Sabbaths that week, and The Forerunner Bible commentary confirms that the correct translation in Matthew is after the Sabbaths - plural. 'Shabbaton'

"Matthew 28:1 provides additional proof of two Sabbaths occurring that week. However, the Bible's translators, confused by the Greek wording of this verse, have consistently mistranslated it. Matthew writes, "Now after the Sabbath, as the first day of the week began to dawn . . . ." The wording of the original text, though, reads, "after the Sabbaths" - plural! https://www.bibletools.org/index.cfm/fuseaction/Topical.show/RTD/cgg/ID/5231/After-Sabbaths.htm

https://www.blueletterbible.org/faq/crux.cfm

For example, Leviticus 23:4-8 speaks of two feasts, Passover and Unleavened Bread. Passover starts on the 14th day of Nisan (Hebrew month) and lasts one day. The Feast of Unleavened Bread starts the next day (i.e., the 15th of Nisan) and lasts for seven days.

Please note, the Passover is not a High Sabbath day, this important fact is often overlooked. You can tell because the usual command for a sabbath of "an holy convocation and no servile work is to be done," is not given for Passover. So while Passover is a feast day, it is not a sabbath day. "Why is that important?" you ask. It was on this day Jesus did the work of redemption. Servile work would have been unlawful on a Sabbath day, so God ordained for this day to be a festival, remembering the lamb's blood that caused the angel to "Passover" the Israelites in Egypt and pointing to the Lamb who would shed His blood for all mankind."

So they start with a false premise, -Friday crucifixion- based entirely on a flawed understanding of Sabbath, then, to make this theory fit - they use an equally flawed understanding of Jewish counting to support this fallacy, like wrapping tin foil around a tennis ball to make it "fit".

People invoke "Hebrew reckoning" which is a common practice of counting any part of a day as a full day - just like towing companies do. They get your car on 10:00 pm Saturday night, and you pick it up at 8:30 Monday, and they charge your for 3 days - Part of Saturday, Sunday and 1 Hr on Monday.

However, clear passages always trump or take precedent over vague passages, and in cases like this, where the text explicitly says 3 days and 3 nights - Hebrew inclusive reckoning does not apply. This is confirmed by multiple Rabbis of both reformed and orthodox Judaism.

We should also note that the Pharisees asked for a sign that Jesus was the true Messiah, and the only sign that he gave them was the sign of Jonah. What did he mean?? Christ then quoted from Jonah, and "For as Jonah was three days and three nights in the belly of the great fish, so will the Son of Man be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth." (Matthew 12:40 NKJV)

Another Scripture to consider is John 12:1, "Then Jesus six days before the passover came to Bethany...". Jesus was travelling from Jericho. If the crucifixion took place on Friday (which had to also be Passover), then this journey took place on the sabbath. Travelling that distance on the sabbath was legally out of the question for a devout Jew.

The nail in the coffin of the Friday crucifixion myth is the women buying spices after the sabbath. It is for this reason that the only solution is a Wednesday crucifixion. Wednesday at sunset to Saturday at sunset is 3 days and 3 nights.

They had to buy spices before they could prepare them - they rested on the High Sabbath of Feast of Unleavened Bread- Thursday - as no buying or selling was permitted. Then as scripture says they bought spices after the sabbath. [After the high sabbath, so they bought the spices and prepared them on Friday, and then rested on the weekly sabbath.

In the 1st century - the only light besides the sun and moon and stars was candles/ fire. Merchants would not travel and set up all their wares after dark on Saturday night after the weekly sabbath was over.

The Friday death / Sunday morning resurrection theory embraced by most of the Christian world does not make sense. In order to believe that theory, you are required to be unable to count to three, you must reject the evidence and testimony of Jesus and the Scriptures, and you must put your sensibilities aside."
http://www.bibletruth.cc/SignofJonah.htm

In order to be consistent in one's method of Biblical Interpretation - it would mean that Jonah was in the belly of the great fish for 1 day and a few hours. Does anyone credible Evangelical scholar believe that?? Of course not. It would mean that the plain words of Jonah and Christ somehow don't mean what they plainly say.

According to reputable scholars the Sabbath was always on a Saturday. And, the day of the Passover Feast (which lasted a whole week ) would always be governed by the Hebrew calendar, a lunar calendar, and thus the Passover started on different days each year.

However, we know from John's gospel that in the year Christ was crucified, the Passover AND the Sabbath fell on the same day. Thus, according to scripture, Christ had to be crucified on a Friday since it was the day of preparation for the Passover (not the preparation day for the Sabbath). The Scriptural reference is: Joh 19:31 Since it was the day of Preparation, and so that the bodies would not remain on the cross on the Sabbath (for that Sabbath was a high day), the Jews asked Pilate that their legs might be broken and that they might be taken away.

So Jesus was crucified AND buried on a Friday, the Preparation day for the Passover. Jesus stayed in the tomb from Friday late afternoon until Sunday, the first Day of the week. That would be THREE DAYS in the tomb according to the way the Jews reckoned 'days'. (A partial day was counted as a day).

Jesus was crucified on Friday. The day of preparation for Passover is not the same as the day of preparation, see picture attached

Which day of the week was the 'day of preparation for the Passover'?

The key gospel text is Mk 15:42:

The Burial of Jesus 42 And when evening had come, since it was the day of Preparation, that is, the day before the sabbath,

Thus the Gospel of Mark clearly defines the phrase "day of Preparation" as "the day before the Sabbath." With the understanding that the Jewish Sabbath is the Seventh-day or Saturday Sabbath, the "day of preparation for the Passover" = "day before the Sabbath" can only mean FRIDAY.

The technical term "Preparation" (Greek Paraskeue / Latin Parasceve) is used for Friday as well in the deuterocanonical books of Judith (8:6) and Second Maccabees (8:26), in the Jewish historian Josephus (Antiquities of the Jews 16:163), and in the early non-canonical Christian documents, Didache (8:1) and the Martyrdom of Polycarp (7:1).

"The day on which Christ died is called 'the Preparation' in Mark 15:42 and John 19:31...The same day is in view in Matt 27:62 where the events recorded took place on 'the day after the Preparation' (RV). The reference would be to the 6th day of the week [or Friday]. The title arose from the need of preparing food etc. for the Sabbath." (Vine, page 483)

Further reading:

• Day of Crucifixion and Resurrection of our Lord
• How Do We Explain the Passover "Discrepancy"? | Tim Staples, Catholic Answers the section Just the Facts, Please.
• Good Thursday? | Catholic Answers

To find the day of Christ’s crucifixion, you have to start with the resurrection and work your way backwards. On Easter Sunday morning most Christian denominations have actually been celebrating the discovery of the empty tomb; not the resurrection itself! I am absolutely certain, and the Bible makes it clear, that Jesus' resurrection was not at sunrise; Mary Magdalene came to the tomb, the first time, when it was still dark, and the tomb was already empty.

The first day of the week cometh Mary Magdalene early, when it was yet dark, unto the sepulchre, and seeth the stone taken away from the sepulchre. Then she runneth, and cometh to Simon Peter, and to the other disciple, whom Jesus loved, and saith unto them, They have taken away the Lord out of the sepulchre, and we know not where they have laid him. [John 20:1-2 KJV]

If you read the writings of the early church fathers, you will notice that many of them were very anti-Jewish. Because of this prejudice they did not study the customs and practices that were an everyday part of our Lord Jesus Christ's life. They, therefore, misunderstood some of the simple phrases and actions that a Jewish reader would take for granted. One point of confusion, for many people, is that Friday is not called "The Preparation Day," but the day before a High Day celebration was:

Now it was the Preparation Day of the Passover [John 19:14]

Therefore, because it was the Preparation Day, that the bodies should not remain on the cross on the Sabbath (for that Sabbath was a high day)... [John 19:31]

The last verse above is referring to a passage in the Old Testament the says nothing about Sabbaths. A body that was hanged on a tree was not to remain there overnight (any night) so that the land would not be defiled. [Deuteronomy 21:22,23 ] The religious leaders did not want to miss out on the upcoming Unleavened Bread feast (also, collectively, called Passover) [compare John 18:28] Some of the modern paraphrase Bibles actually call "the Preparation Day," Friday, which is not used in the originals. Since the Passover falls on the 14th day of the month on the Biblical, Hebrew calendar, it occurs on a different day of the week each year. The day after the Passover (the 15th) is actually the first High Sabbath of the Feast of Unleavened Bread, but often the whole week beginning with the Day before the Passover (when the Passover Lamb is killed) and ending with the second High Sabbath is called "The Passover Feast" or "The Feast of Unleavened Bread". One of the problems you come up with when you don't realize that there was a special Sabbath (Thursday), is that Mark says,

Now when the Sabbath was past, [the women] bought spices, that they might come and anoint Him. [Mark 16:1]

While Luke says:

That day was the preparation, and the Sabbath drew near… They observed the tomb... Then they returned and prepared spices and fragrant oils. And they rested on the Sabbath... [Luke 23:54-56]

There are plenty of Bible critics who point this out as a contradiction that disproves the accuracy of the Bible. Obviously you can't prepare the spices until after you buy them; so, if they bought the spices after the regular Saturday Sabbath, they would be buying them on Sunday, which would be too late to prepare them and then rest on the Sabbath. If you didn't know that there were two Sabbaths, with one day in between, then there would be a contradiction between the two gospels. But every word of the Bible is true and accurate. But don't forget that Jesus specifically said that He will be in the heart of the earth for three days and three nights.

For as Jonah was three days and three nights in the belly of the great fish, so will the Son of Man be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth. [Matthew 12:40]

I believe that the plain teaching of the Bible is that Jesus celebrated, and fulfilled, the Passover with His disciples on Tuesday evening, was arrested Tuesday night, was crucified on Wednesday morning, buried on Wednesday evening (the start of Thursday for the Jews) and rose on Saturday evening (the start of Sunday for the Jews) during the offering and feast of the "Firstfruits of Harvest," as its fulfillment.

But now is Christ risen from the dead, and become the firstfruits of them that slept. [1 Corinthians 15:20 KJV]

Jesus was in the heart of the earth for three days and three nights; that doesn't mean a few hours Friday night, one whole day Saturday, and a few hours Sunday morning. And that doesn't take into account that in the Jewish reckoning of time, Saturday starts at about 6:00 on Friday evening (about the hour that He was buried [Matthew 27:57 & Mark 15:42]).

The answer to your specific question: Jesus was crucified, about the 9th hour, on Wednesday morning, the 14th day of the first month (Nisan) of the Biblical, Hebrew calendar.

(Calculated using internal, Biblical, chronological references such as John 12:1, and the Levitical Feast dates. Corroborated by the astronomically and agriculturally synchronized, Biblical Hebrew calendar used by strict Messianic Jewish rabbis, theologians and their websites.)