How sound are the arguments that Melchizedek invoked a Canaanite deity when he met Abraham?

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Perhaps, some may agree with this (theophany). However, another way of looking at this passage in Hebrews is that the author is discussing an order or priestly appointment (precedent) without lineal descent. Just as Melchizedek had no known lineage (some Jewish commentators have written about traditions that Shem, Noah's son is Melchizedek, though this is disputed), so is Christ, who is eternal and without lineage [spiritual origin rather than earthly parentage]. The purpose of using Melchizedek is obvious in the text:

"He is without father or mother or genealogy, having neither beginning of days nor end of life, but resembling the Son of God he continues a priest forever." (Heb. 7:3, ESV)

It's obvious that the author of Hebrews is trying to establish a priest who lasts forever (the reference to neither beginning or end and a priest forever and without father or mother or genealogy) as compared to the Levitical priests who were unable to continue in their office due to death (Heb.7:23). It could be argued that the author of Hebrews is using Melchizedek as a type of Christ rather than strictly demonstrating a theophany.

As I understand it in Hebrews 7, he makes the argument that because because Abraham tithed to Melchizedek, it demonstrates that Abraham was blessed in some legitimate priestly fashion by Melchizedek, and that the one who blesses is superior to the one who receives the blessing, therefore Melchizedek is even superior to Abraham, which makes it quite fitting that Jesus would be after this priestly order, not the priestly order with descendants of Aaron who are limited by their own death. One might venture to guess from this theological interpretation that Melchizedek might have even been a type of theophany of Jesus, or if not, that his priesthood was special, unparalleled, and arcane.

However, to discuss the question about El-Elyon, otherwise translated as "the Most High God" one should ask whether El-Elyon was the name of a 'God', who was identified as the Most High, or whether it was a common 'word' for the Most High God. In terms of the Old Testament Scriptures, it's clear that the term El-Elyon is referring to God.

You can see many Scriptures in the Old Testament that equate both, but in the Pentateuch (Torah), you'll find them here. Very early in the Pentateuch, YHWH is clearly the same deity as El-Elyon or the Most High God.

Balaam, the oracle of God equates them in this passage:

"the oracle of him who hears the words of God, and knows the knowledge of the Most High, who sees the vision of the Almighty" (Num. 24:26, ESV)

Those who misunderstood the nature of God, could make an idol, and name that deity after "El-Elyon". This doesn't necessarily mean that that deity that has been shaped or made is a true representation of God.

Therefore, it's unlikely that Melchizedek would have invoked a Canaanite deity.

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Not a full answer, but some interesting information:

I asked a similar question on judaism.stackexchange.com to ascertain the Jewish perspective. Understandably, they believe Paul (considered a heretic) was trying to supplant a non-Levite leader for the established and legitimate priesthood of Aaron. (How ancient church leaders marketed the new religion is, perhaps, a question for another time.)

Part of their answer was the supposition that Melchizedek was a priest --- not in the sense that there was an organized priesthood, but in the sense that he held the Birthright and the duty to pass that authority on. From their perspective, Melchizedek (Noah's Shem) passed the duty or priestly authority to Abraham, through whom the organized Priesthood of Aaron eventually was created.

A fair number of the comments have gone missing in that original discussion. That's truly unfortunate as they also had a lot of great information. It was in one of those comments that the idea that Melchizedek was "passing the torch" to Abraham was mentioned.

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