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There a guides for helping with examination of conscience, such as this short examination of conscience and this longer version. They often go through the 10 Commandments
and give particular examples of violations of each commandment. Reviewing the commandments of the Church:
and the capital sins (i.e., sins from which others arise):
can also help.
As the Council of Trent says:
Tell your sins as they are in your mind, that is, as they appear to you, according to your own feeling about them.
See the appendix of The Secret of Confession: Including the Wonders of Confession for a short "How to Go to Confession."
Also, the Veni, Sancte Spiritus (Come, O Holy Ghost) prayer is commonly said at the beginning of the examination of conscience, to ask the Holy Ghost to enlighten you with the graces to discover your sins and make a good confession. You can hear it sung here.
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The examination of conscience is a really complicated method of testing or measuring one's conscience. First, you need to really know yourself. Second, we really need to admit that we've done something that upsets the Lord which is known as a "sin". Third, if you are attending or receiving the Sacrament of Reconciliation, tell all the sins you have committed to the priest. The perfect conscience is measured by honesty to him/herself and the presence of Lord in one's soul.
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While it's tough to beat Geremia's excellent answer, the USCCB has an easy to access page with a variety of examinations of conscience that are tailored to fit a particular place in life. We had good luck with those for some of our RCIA candidates who were coming to the Catholic Church from other confessions.
Our Church seemed to change the chosen hand outs about every three years (I think the diocese ordered such things in bulk) so suggesting one of the little pamphlets probably isn't as useful an answer as digital products.
This is the one pager for the Ten Commandments based inventory of where one is spiritually. http://www.usccb.org/prayer-and-worship/sacraments-and-sacramentals/penance/upload/Examination-of-Conscience.pdf
There are .pdf files with helpful guidelines for the following common situations for where one is in life:
Examination of Conscience based on the Ten Commandments
Examination of Conscience in Light of Catholic Social Teaching
Examination of Conscience for Children
Examination of Conscience for Young Adults
Examination of Conscience for Single People
Examination of Conscience for Married Persons