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According to Catholicism did God conspire with Satan to kill Jobs children?
The short answer is no.
While God and Satan did have a conversation about Job, God did not did not conspire with Satan to kill the children of Job.
To start with let us look at what the definition of what is it to conspire:
1 a: join in a secret agreement to do an unlawful or wrongful act or an act which becomes unlawful as a result of the secret agreement
b : SCHEME
2 : to act in harmony toward a common end
In the Roman Catholic Liturgy readings from the Book of Job are read during Matins in the first two weeks of September and in the Office of the Dead, and in the revised Liturgy of the Hours Job is read during the Eighth and Ninth Weeks in Ordinary Time.
That said you will not be able to find a genuine Catholic source to states that God did in fact conspire with Satan to kill Job’s children.
‘Very well,' Yahweh said to Satan, 'all he has is in your power. But keep your hands off his person.' So Satan left the presence of Yahweh. - Job1:12
God did give permission to Satan to test his servant Job, but He did not conspire with the Evil One. There was a conversation between the two and Satan received the permission to inflict Job with various evils.
To give someone permission to do do something is a very different than conspiring with someone to do something. Permission in this case simply “to allow”.