Was Matthew's inclusion of the story of the Magi be a form of midrash influenced by events in 66 A.D.?
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That's an impressive amount of research you have presented, and is fascinating. You ask if a 'longer version of Matthew's Gospel' could have been written prior to 66 A.D. or between 38 A.D. when Artabanus III, king of Parthia died, and before the next war with the Parthians in 58 A.D.
Well, I've never heard of any 'longer version of Matthew's Gospel' being found, but let's just concentrate on the date of writing for Matthew's Gospel.
My NIV Study Bible notes say this:
The Jewish nature of Matthew's Gospel may suggest that it was written in Palestine, though many think it may have originated in Syrian Antioch. Some have argued on the basis of its Jewish characteristics that it was written in the early church period, possibly the early part of A.D. 50.
Others think that Matthew wrote his gospel in the late 50's or in the 60's.
Although some people think that Matthew and Luke drew upon Mark's gospel, another view suggests that the other two Synoptics drew from Matthew as their main source.
To suggest that Matthew added to his gospel at a later date and 'modified' historical events just to come up with a good story is pure speculation.
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