What are the Twelve Tribes of Israel?

NIV refers Manasseh and Ephraim as clans of Joseph. See Joshua 16:1 where the Ephraim families received allotments of Joseph's inheritance. Verse 4 states the distribution is clan by clan. Joshua 17:2 refers to Manasseh clans. They received inheritance due to the blessing of Jacob and his acceptance of them as true grand-sons. This was an honor to Joseph in Gen. 48:5. This blessing is overlooking the boys are not fully Hebrew or of Israel as their mother was Egyptian, Gen. 46:20. Other children of Joseph were excluded from the adoption but received inheritance from their brothers, Gen. 48:6. Confusion enters in Gen. 48:5 where the boys are erroneously equated to Reuben and Simeon. Gen. 49 lists the twelve tribes and does and does not mention Manasseh or Ephraim. Gen. 49:28 states "All these are the twelve tribes..." (NIV). I believe the confusion of tribes is due to choices of the translators in confusing the intent of the text by choosing "tribe" over "clan" or "family".

My other answer to this question focuses specifically on the tribes engraved on the breastplate as mentioned in Exodus 28:21.

This answer is on the more general question of which tribes were on the list of twelve tribes, since with Ephraim and Manasseh, there were thirteen tribes total.

First, the Bible consistently refers to twelve tribes, never thirteen. This has less to do with history than it does with cultural patterns. Here is an explanation from Ancient Jewish History: The Twelve Tribes of Israel at the Jewish Virtual Library:

The number twelve is neither fictitious nor the result of an actual genealogical development in patriarchal history. It is an institutionalized and conventionalized figure which is found among other tribes as well, such as the sons of Ishmael, of Nahor, of Joktan, and Esau. Similar organizational patterns built about groups of twelve, or even six, tribes, are known from Asia Minor, Greece and Italy. . . . [T]here can be little doubt that this pattern of twelve attributed to the Hebrew tribes is very real and historically rooted. Thus, if one tribe were to withdraw from the union or to be absorbed into another, the number twelve would be preserved, either by splitting one of the remaining tribes into two or by accepting a new tribe into the union. For example, when the tribe of Levi is considered among the twelve tribes, the Joseph tribes are counted as one. However, when Levi is not mentioned, the Joseph tribes are counted separately as Manasseh and Ephraim. For the same duodecimal considerations, Simeon is counted as a tribe even after having been absorbed into Judah, and Manasseh even after having split in two, is considered one.

In the Bible narrative this principle can be seen being established in the book of Joshua. In the course of Joshua chapters 13-19, where the tribal inheritances (lands) are delineated, Levi is still referred as a tribe (see Joshua 13:14, 33) along with all of the twelve tribes that received tribal inheritances. But after that point in the Bible narrative, Levi is no longer called "the tribe of Levi" but rather "the Levites."

The one exception to this shows that Levi was still thought of as a tribe. In 1 Chronicles 23, which is inserted into the narrative at the time of David and Solomon, which is well after the tribal inheritances were established, in a genealogy of the Levites it says:

As to Moses, the man of God, his sons are called after the tribe of Levi. (1 Chronicles 23:14)

Even though historically there were thirteen tribes due to the split of the tribe of Joseph into two tribes, Ephraim and Manasseh, they were always called twelve tribes, and the various lists generally include twelve names--or if they do include thirteen, Levi is distinguished from the rest.

So which tribes are on the list?

(Note: the lists below are not exhaustive. For a fuller account of places in the Bible where the tribes are listed, including a visual chart, see: The Twelve Tribes of Israel, by Felix Just, S.J., Ph.D.)

Here are some of lists in the Old Testament in which they are specifically referred to as "tribes." None of them is in birth order:

• Genesis 49:1-28: Jacob blesses his sons: Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Zebulun, Issachar, Dan, Gad, Asher, Naphtali, Joseph, Benjamin. This list includes the twelve original sons of Jacob. They are referred to as "the twelve tribes of Israel" in verse 28.
• Numbers 1: The census taken a month after the Exodus from Egypt. This is a particularly interesting and relevant chapter in which all thirteen tribes are mentioned, and Joseph is included as well, as the father of Ephraim and Manasseh, but the list is still kept to twelve. There are two listings. The first is in Numbers 1:5-15: Reuben, Simeon, Judah, Issachar, Zebulun, Ephraim, Manasseh, Benjamin, Dan, Asher, Gad, Naphtali. The second is in Numbers 1:20-43: Reuben, Simeon, Gad, Judah, Issachar, Zebulun, Ephraim, Manasseh, Benjamin, Dan, Asher, Naphtali. In both lists Ephraim and Manasseh are included as tribes, and Levi is not.
• Numbers 2: A listing of the arrangement of the tribes when encamped around the Tabernacle in the desert, and their order of marching when on the move. This is another fascinating list that includes all thirteen names. However, Levi is called "the Levites" rather than "the tribe of Levi." (The head tribe of each division of three tribes is also not specifically called a "tribe" in this listing, however.) Here is the order, with all thirteen names: Judah, Issachar, Zebulun, Reuben, Simeon, Gad, Levi, Ephraim, Manasseh, Benjamin, Dan, Asher, Naphtali.
• Numbers 13:1-16: At the Lord's command, Moses sent a leader from each of the twelve tribes to explore the land of Canaan. The tribes represented were: Reuben, Simeon, Judah, Issachar, Ephraim, Benjamin, Zebulun, Manasseh, Dan, Asher, Naphtali, Gad. This list does not include Levi, and instead of Joseph it includes his sons Ephraim and Manasseh.
• Ezekiel 48:1-29: The division of the land into tribal inheritances, as told in Ezekiel. Here is the list: Dan, Asher, Naphtali, Manasseh, Ephraim, Reuben, Judah, Benjamin, Simeon, Issachar, Zebulun, Gad. In this listing, as in the listing in Numbers 2, Levi is included in the middle, but is called "the Levites" rather than being called a tribe.
• Ezekiel 48:30-35: The gates of the city will be named after the tribes of Israel: Reuben, Judah, Levi, Joseph, Benjamin, Dan, Simeon, Issachar, Zebulun, Gad, Asher, Naphtali. In contrast to the previous listing, also in Ezekiel 48, this list includes the twelve original sons of Jacob.

This does not include lists in the Old Testament where they are not referred to as "tribes" but rather as as "sons" (of Jacob, or Israel), such as:

• Genesis 29:31-30:24; 35:16-18 (the original birth stories)
• Genesis 35:23-26 (a compact list inserted right after the birth of Benjamin, the youngest son)
• Exodus 1:2-5 (a list of the sons of Jacob who went to Egypt, plus Joseph, who was already in Egypt)

Finally, here are two listings in the Old Testament that use neither the word "tribe" nor the word "son," though they are clearly referring to the people belonging to each tribe:

• Deuteronomy 27:9-13: Blessings from Mt. Gerizim and curses from Mt. Ebal just before entering the Holy Land to conquer it. Here is the list: Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issachar, Joseph, Benjamin, Reuben, Gad, Asher, Zebulun, Dan, Naphtali. This list includes the original twelve sons of Jacob, and does not include Ephraim and Manasseh.
• Deuteronomy 33: Moses blesses the Israelites before his death. The word "tribes" occurs in verse 5, but it is not specifically applied to the names. Here is the list: Reuben, Judah, Levi, Benjamin, Joseph, Zebulun, Issachar, Gad, Dan, Naphtali, Asher. This list includes only eleven names. It is based on the twelve original sons of Jacob, but Simeon is left out.

Turning to the New Testament, there is one more list of the tribes that demonstrates the rule that there must always be twelve tribes. It does this by breaking the rule that the list will include either the tribes of Joseph and Levi or the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh, but still sticking to the number twelve:

• Revelation 7:1-8: 144,000 sealed, 12,000 from each tribe: Judah, Reuben, Gad, Asher, Naphtali, Manasseh, Simeon, Levi, Issachar, Zebulun, Joseph, Benjamin. This list includes Manasseh, Levi, and Joseph, and does not include Dan and Ephraim.

As you can see from these examples, though the number associated with the tribes is always twelve, there is much variety in which tribes are included in the list, and especially in the order in which they are listed, throughout the Bible.

Whenever the subject is the tribal inheritances, the list of twelve always excludes Levi and Joseph and includes Ephraim and Manasseh. However, in other contexts, such as blessings, it is common to list the original twelve sons of Jacob, including Levi and Joseph.

Joseph the son of Rachel had 2 sons during Jacob' (Israel) lifetime and in Genesis 48:5 ; 15-16; you will see where he told Joseph that Joseph's two sons were now his (Jacob) two sons making them half and half in the 12 tribes of Israel. Numbers 11-12 tells you the Levites didn't get and land inheritance but they did receive an inheritance. But they and their descendants have towns the Levites will be able to live in but never own. Read these scripture's Genesis 48: 5 ; 15, numbers 3: 5-9 ; numbers 3: 41. Joshua 13:14 tells the Levites inheritance. Hopefully after this everyone will have a better understanding of this.

Jacob had twelve sons by four women. They are:

• From Leah: Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issachar, and Zebulun
• From Rachel: Joseph and Benjamin
• From Bilhah (Rachel's maid): Dan and Naphtali
• From Zilpah (Leah's maid): Gad and Asher

Joseph, of course, had two sons - Manasseh and Ephraim.

The tribe of Levi was not given an inheritance, as we see in Joshua 13:14:

But to the tribe of Levi he gave no inheritance, since the offerings made by fire to the LORD, the God of Israel, are their inheritance, as he promised them.

We see the separation of the 'House of Joseph' into the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh in Joshua 14:4 (and a repetition of the Levite's inheritance)

for the sons of Joseph had become two tribes--Manasseh and Ephraim. The Levites received no share of the land but only towns to live in, with pasturelands for their flocks and herds.

We can read in the rest of Joshua 13 the particular land each tribe was given (note that Manasseh actually became two half-tribes. One half was beyond the Jordan, and eventually disappeared from Israel).

The basis for Ephraim and Manasseh being full tribes is given in Genesis 48:5-6, as Jacob adopts them as if they were his own sons (as Reuben and Simeon):

And now your two sons, Ephraim and Manasseh, who were born to you in the land of Egypt before I came to you in Egypt, are mine; as Reuben and Simeon, they shall be mine. Your offspring whom you beget after them shall be yours; they will be called by the name of their brothers in their inheritance.

So the twelve tribes can be listed as:

1. Reuben
2. Simeon
3. Judah
4. Issachar
5. Zebulun
6. Ephraim
7. Manasseh
8. Benjamin
9. Dan
10. Naphtali
11. Gad
12. Asher

We see this listing clearly in Numbers 1, and a final note on the separation of the Levites (v47-49):

The ancestral tribe of the Levites, however, was not counted along with the others. The Lord had said to Moses: “You must not count the tribe of Levi or include them in the census of the other Israelites."