What was the origin of the phrase "Abraham's Bosom" as used by Jesus?
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Prior to the resurrection of Jesus Christ and the declaration that he is the Son of God, which is made after his resurrection - see Romans 1:4 - the revelation of the Father was not fully declared to Israel, though it was stated to the disciples of Jesus Christ.
In the absence of the coming revelation of the Father, Jesus merely states that Lazarus was in the bosom of 'Abraham' in what he later refers to (when he speaks to the one-time thief upon the cross) as 'Paradise'.
In this Paradise, Lazarus was actually in the bosom of the Father. But it could not be so stated until after the resurrection of Jesus Christ and the full revelation of the Son and the Father.
Thus Abraham is in the bosom of the Father, in Paradise. And Lazarus is in the bosom of the Father, in Paradise. But Jesus only refers to Lazarus in Abraham's bosom, until such time as more can be revealed.
What is revealed in Jesus' last moments in crucifixion is that the one-time thief will be in Paradise, with Jesus Himself, within that very day.
The 'origin' of the saying by Jesus 'the bosom of Abraham' is Jesus himself.
It was an original saying, not based on Jewish tradition.
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"Bosom of Abraham" refers to the place of comfort in the Biblical Sheol (or Hades in the Greek Septuagint version of the Hebrew scriptures from around 200 BCE, and therefore so described in the New Testament) where the righteous dead supposedly await Judgment Day.
The word found in the Greek text for "bosom" is kolpos, meaning "lap" "bay". This relates to the Second Temple period practice of reclining and eating meals in proximity to other guests, the closest of whom physically was said to lie on the bosom (chest) of the host, as in John 13:23.
The Jews had adopted the Persian, Greek, and Roman custom of reclining at meals, and had long since exchanged the original practice of standing at the Passover first for sitting and then for reclining in a setup called Triclinium. They reclined on the left arm and ate with the right. The expression "lies in the bosom" is well documented in extrabiblical sources.
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