Did any medieval Catholics believe in the possibility the repentance was possible immediately after death?
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John XXII (reigned 1316-1334) (in)famously held the opinion that one's particular judgment did not occur immediately after death. His successor Benedict XII (reigned 1334-1342) defined the following dogma in Benedictus Deus (1336):
we define that according to the general disposition of God, the souls of those who die in actual mortal sin go down into hell immediately (mox) after death and there suffer the pain of hell.
Thus, those who die in a state of mortal sin do not have a chance to repent after death.
Now that this dogma has been defined, it's not a pious opinion but heresy to hold a contrary view.
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Source: stackoverflow.com
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