Are there multiple levels to Heaven, for different levels of reward?

There was a popular cosmology in neo-Platonist antiquity (the time of Jesus and St. Paul) that described circles of heaven. St. Paul's cosmological view shows forth in a lot of his descriptions. You mentioned the third circle reference in 2Co 12. You also mentioned 1Co 15. He also described "principalities and powers, " which are associated with circles of heaven.

There's an echo of this cosmology in the hymn "Immortal, invisible, God only wise, with light inaccessible hid from our eyes."

Romans 8:38-39 invokes this cosmology (angels, rulers, powers, height, etc) and then says "no" to it. It is not the way God's presence and love for humanity is organized.

For I am convinced that neither death, nor life, nor angels, nor rulers, nor things present, nor things to come, nor powers, nor height, nor depth, nor anything else in all creation, will be able to separate us from the love of God in Christ Jesus our Lord. (NRSV)

It's helpful to distinguish St. Paul's culturally inculcated ideas of cosmology (and ours!) from the mysteries of God's creation.

In Judaism, and in some subsequent Christian cosmologies (specifically Gnostic), there is the concept of "seven heavens." Most modern Christian groups only believe in one and discourage speculation since there is very little Scriptural information on Heaven and so you verge into "just making it up" territory very quickly.

There are three (3) heavens spoken of in the Bible. " First heaven and first earth were passed away." Revelation 21:1 and third (3rd) heaven spoken of in 2 corinthians 12:2. So if there are first and third heavens there must be a second. Mathematical law...right? These are pictures: first heaven= born again experience. Second heaven = baptism of the Holy Spirit. Third heaven. = perfection, completion or the place where God dwells.

According to LDS theology, there are 3 main Regions of existence from the highest to the lowest, and within each of these Regions are many other places, or sub-regions.

Jesus himself speaks about these different Regions including the one He is from which He refers to as "The First Mystery". The Earth is one of 3 places in the lowest Region. This Lowest 3rd Region is the only Region where beings are material .

The beings in the higher Regions are identified by their "Light". This is all recorded in the 'Pistis Sophia', which recorded Jesus instructions to his disciples, as well as Mary his mother, Mary Magdalene, Martha, and others in the 11 year period (or 11 months, as there is some dispute about the actual time period involved) after Jesus's Resurrection from the Dead, and before he Ascended to Heaven for the final time.

In contrast to Sapphireimage's parable, see the Parable of the Pounds (Luke 19) where those who work harder in the service of the Lord are given a greater reward, proportionate to the quality of their work.

The apparent contradiction can be explained by looking carefully at what's being measured. In the parable of the hired servants, all of the workers showed up ready to work, and can be assumed to have all worked faithfully once they were hired; they simply served for different lengths of time. But in the parable of the pounds, the different servants all served for the same length of time, but displayed wildly different degrees of faithfulness and dedication to their Lord's cause.

Also, Paul explicitly stated that there is a "third heaven" (1 Corinthians 12:2). He speaks of it in a passing way, as if referring to something that ought to already be familiar to the readers. Unfortunately, the original source for the doctrine has not been preserved for us.

But yes, in light of this, it seems that there is biblical justification for believing that there are at least three levels of heaven.

Apparently, whenever "heaven" refers to what we think of as Heaven, it is singular. The times that it is used in a plural form are in cases like the clouds or space. Reference: Blue Letter Bible.

When it comes to varying levels of rewards, not only is there that verse that Flimzy referred to (Matthew 16:27 [NLT]), but there are even at least three different kinds of crowns that we can receive in Heaven.

There is the Crown of Life:

James 1:12 (NLT)
"God blesses those who patiently endure testing and temptation. Afterward they will receive the crown of life that God has promised to those who love him."

Revelation 2:10 (NLT)
"Don’t be afraid of what you are about to suffer. The devil will throw some of you into prison to test you. You will suffer for ten days. But if you remain faithful even when facing death, I will give you the crown of life."

There is the Crown of Righteousness:

2 Timothy 4:8 (NLT)
"And now the prize awaits me—the crown of righteousness, which the Lord, the righteous Judge, will give me on the day of his return. And the prize is not just for me but for all who eagerly look forward to his appearing."

There is the Crown of Glory:

1 Peter 5:4 (NIV)
"And when the Chief Shepherd appears, you will receive the crown of glory that will never fade away."

Hence, even though there seems to be only one Heaven, you can still get different levels of rewards.

The first thing that came to my mind is the parable of the workers in the vineyard from Matthew 20:1-16.

For the kingdom of heaven is like a landowner who went out early in the morning to hire workers for his vineyard. He agreed to pay them a denarius for the day and sent them into his vineyard.

[...]

The workers who were hired about five in the afternoon came and each received a denarius. So when those came who were hired first, they expected to receive more. But each one of them also received a denarius. When they received it, they began to grumble against the landowner. ‘These who were hired last worked only one hour,’ they said, ‘and you have made them equal to us who have borne the burden of the work and the heat of the day.’

But he answered one of them, ‘I am not being unfair to you, friend. Didn’t you agree to work for a denarius? Take your pay and go. I want to give the one who was hired last the same as I gave you. Don’t I have the right to do what I want with my own money? Or are you envious because I am generous?’

(emphasis mine)

Everyone who works for the kingdom of heaven receives the same reward regardless of how long or how well they have worked. The reward may simply be salvation/eternal life, which would still allow for multiple levels of heaven. However, the parable does refer to a singular kingdom of heaven, and chastises those who want better pay than they signed up for (a higher level of heaven, when one has claimed to be satisfied with Jesus and his salvation?). While different levels of recognition within heaven and hell are hinted at in Matthew 16:27 and throughout the New Testament, multiple levels of heaven seem unlikely.

As for the verses you quoted (1 Corinthians 15:39-41), they would probably best be considered within their context (at least 1 Corinthians 15:35-43). The verses just before and after discuss the differences between perishable and imperishable bodies, and thus your verses are probably referring to difference in glory between immortal and mortal bodies. There does seem to be an allowance for some bodies to have a greater degree of glory/splendor than others, but I don't see how this can be stretched beyond bodies to imply different degrees of heaven or hell, when neither is mentioned in the passage.

This answer is the doctrine of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (the "Mormon" Church).

There are more than two places people ultimately end up after judgement. There are three Degrees of Glory (and there is Outer Darkness, see next section). The three degrees of glory (in descending order of glory) are the Celestial kingdom (compared to the sun), the Terrestrial kingdom (compared to the moon), and the Telestial kingdom (compared to the stars).

Life in each of the Terrestrial and Telestial kingdoms is better than this life, but neither is as good as life in the Celestial kingdom. In the Celestial kingdom, people can live with God and their family (meaning the people in their family in this life).

Most people on earth will end up in one of these degrees of glory. Even most people guilty of some terrible and despicable things and not repented of them will.

Ending up in Outer Darkness takes something that most people on earth are not capable of: rebelling against God after knowing (not only having faith) of the truth of the gospel. The vast majority of people, including me, do not. If you have any wonders about if you do, you don't.

Satan will end up in outer darkness for his wilful rebellion against God with such a knowledge.

LDS Scriptural Ref:

• D&C 76:50-70 - Description of "Kingdoms of Glory"
• D&C 132:26-27 - 'blasphemy against the Holy Ghost'