What is Sang Hyang Adhi Buddha?
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According to Wikipedia, Indonesia has an official state policy policy/philosphy called Pancasila i.e. "Five Precepts" (which are not the same as the "Five (lay) precepts" of Buddhism).
- Belief in the One and Only God (in Indonesian "Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa"),
- A just and civilized humanity (in Indonesian "Kemanusiaan Yang Adil dan Beradab"),
- A unified Indonesia (in Indonesian "Persatuan Indonesia"),
- Democracy, led by the wisdom of the representatives of the People (in Indonesian "Kerakyatan Yang Dipimpin oleh Hikmat Kebijaksanaan, Dalam Permusyawaratan Perwakilan")
- Social justice for all Indonesians (in Indonesian "Keadilan Sosial bagi seluruh Rakyat Indonesia").
My guess (I don't know) is that the first precept is designed to prevent sectarian conflict (if there's one and only one God, then hopefully people shouldn't fight about whose God is which and so on).
My reading of Wikipedia is that, for Buddhism to exist with that (Indonesan) context, in must fit in with those precepts, and therefore:
Sanghyang Adi Buddha is a concept of God in Buddhism in Indonesia. This term was used by Ashin Jinarakkhita at the time of Buddhist revival in Indonesia in the mid 20th century to reconcile the first principle of the official philosophical foundation of Indonesia (Pancasila), i.e. "KeTuhanan Yang Maha Esa" (lit. "Recognition of the Divine Omnipotence") that requires the belief in a supreme God, with Buddhism which strictly speaking does not believe in such monotheistic God.
I guess one way in which the Buddha might be like God is that the Buddha advises humans on what laws to follow?
I don't know how else it's interpreted (I expect there are other interpretations).
I have no idea what Udana Nikaya (VIII: 3) is. I wish we have something like biblehub for buddhism.
https://suttacentral.net/ might be like what youre looking for, i.e. it has translations in many languages of many suttas.
Here is
- Wikipedia's article about the Udāna
- Suttacentral's list of Udāna suttas
- A link to Udana number 8.3 (or "VIII: 3" as it's written in the Indonesian Wikipedia)
- A link to the English translation of that sutta
Note that that sutta is talking about "Nibbāna", not about the Buddha; but the suttas teach that Nibbāna is the state which the Buddha attained.
All this time I thought the essence of Buddhism is that nothing is permanent. And yet here, Buddha says that something is permanent.
Buddhism teaches that all sankharas (all "conditioned things") are impermanent.
Nibbāna is an exception to that rule (not included in that rule), becase Nibbāna is unconditioned (these these topics for further details about "unconditioned").
Also some schools of Buddhism de-emphasise the importance of Nibbāna. Wikipedia's Nirvana (Buddhism) -- Mahayana aticle says,
The Mahayana (Great Vehicle) tradition envisions an attainment beyond nirvana, namely Buddhahood. [...] The Mahayana path aims at a further realization, namely Buddhahood or nonabiding (apratiṣṭhita) nirvana. A Buddha does not dwell in nirvana, but engages actively in enlightened activity to liberate beings for as long as samsara remains.
It seems that this concept is only popular in Indonesian buddhism. Are other buddhist in other countries have monotheistic beliefs too?
Some schools of Buddhism seem to me to be a bit like theistic beliefs -- see Pure Land Buddhism for example.
Some schools seem polytheistic (with many Buddhas, or at least many manifestations of Buddha).
And some schools are polytheistic but may de-emphasise the importance of "gods", and explain for example that a god, too, even a god (or, a god's time/existence in a divine realm) is temporary.
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