I would like to become Buddhist

This is a good read: "Siddhartha" by Hermann Hesse.

I feel to be at least qualified for answering basic requests.

Since no one else has already mentioned it, I would recommend to start with reading the Four Noble Truths. An arguably complete treatment can be found in The Four Noble Truths: A Study Guide from Access to Insight. I would not only recommend it because it was my very first exposure with the subject, but also because, generally, it is considered one of the most fundamental teachings of the Buddha, and as a consequence also one of the most present in introductory buddhist texsts. If you would like more a book recommendation, my suggestion is to give a read or acquire an overview only after the Four Noble Truths from What the Buddha Taught: Revised and Expanded Edition with Texts from Suttas and Dhammapada, a most famous text and apparently a highly reviewed one. I too read it and can say good things about it.

There are certainly other valid entry points, some of which have already been recommended (such as learning the five precepts, a prerequisite often advocated by the Buddha himself), but since it is easy to fall into an information-overload trap nowadays and only basic instructions are being asked for here, I would limit myself to suggesting only the most essential material.

I noticed that you mentioned that you were studying mathematics.

I myself am wired to view the world with mathematical/logical eyes, so maybe I can relate to your questions, and its source.

I would like to suggest reading Nagarjuna's writings. Some might disagree and say that it is not for beginners. If your brain craves structure and meaning, then this might be a path to aim for.
Logic of Buddhist Philosophy

I would also suggest that you remember that Buddhism is referred to as the Middle Way in which extremes are considered "bad". This might help you in better coping with the ideas of "god vs. no god", or "x vs ~x".

Suerte en el camino!

Forget about what everyone else says. Traditions are just obstacles. Read up on Bankei and just stay in the Unborn mind. That's all you have to do.

It's so simple, but people just want to inflate their egos by telling you there are 1000 different difficult things that you have to do.

You don't need to join any community to become a buddhist.

You can start by taking five precepts.

To abstain from evil (Sila - Morality)
To do good (Samadhi - Concentration)
To purify the mind (Panna - Wisdom)
These are the teachings of all the Buddhas.

Dhammapada, verse 183

Sila (The Precepts)

1. Right Speech
2. Right Action
3. Right Livelihood

Samådhi (Tranquillity of Mind)

4. Right Exertion
5. Right Attentiveness
6. Right Concentration

Paññå (Wisdom, Insight)

7. Right Aspiration
8. Right Understanding

A. Sila. The three characteristic aspects of sila are:

1. Sammå-våcå: Right Speech
2. Sammå-kammanta: Right Action
3. Sammå-åjiva: Right Livelihood

By Right Speech is meant: speech which must be true, beneficial, and neither foul nor malicious.

By Right Action is meant: the fundamentals of morality, which are opposed to killing, stealing, sexual misconduct, and drunkenness.

By Right Livelihood is meant: a way of living by trades other than those which increase the suffering of all beings— such as slave trading, the manufacture of weapons, and traffic in intoxicating drugs.

You can read about Buddhism in this book: Dhamma Texts by Sayagyi U Ba Khin

You don't believe in any God. Ok. You don't believe in rituals. Ok. Very likely you already don't. So why Buddhism? I'd like to make an important point here stating that Buddhism is anything but a religion. The right question to ask would be why would you want to follow anything at all.

You will find many answers here that will give you sources and some googling will give you additional reading. "Access to insight" is one place to read some suttas and translations.

But I would say some practical advice is worth it. Get a cushion, or a straight backed chair, or sit on the floor cross legged. With spine erect. Close your eyes lightly. Make sure you're comfortable. Take 3-4 deep breaths. This gets your system responding to you. Then start normal breathing. Watch your breath go in and out of you. You could start by observing the stomach going in and out with breathing. Don't force it. And then do a body scan top to bottom and bottom to top, loosening up any tight or tense areas. Come back to the breath going in and out. You could alternatively focus your attention on the breath at the tip of your nose. During this time you may find that your mind keeps on coming up with one thought after another. If it doesn't, you're my God ;) Ignore those thoughts and come back to the breath.

Try this for sometime and then gradually increase the time. And then go for additional reading sources gradually.

Apart from this, my advice would be not to get into any complicated concepts which is not yet in your experience. This is a pitfall. Because that will just send your mind into unnecessary spirals and get you nowhere.

Metta and good luck with your practice.