Proof of funds & proof of exit

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With regard to the Schengen area, at least, the State Department is ... wait for it ... wrong. This is what you get for asking one government about another government's laws. They don't always get it right. The actual criteria for entry that relate to funds and tickets are

they have sufficient means of subsistence, both for the duration of the intended stay and for the return to their country of origin or transit to a third country into which they are certain to be admitted, or are in a position to acquire such means lawfully;

There's nothing about a plane ticket except by implication, and there's explicitly no requirement to have it in your possession when you enter.

Now I can't say whether there is some formal line of reasoning that officially served as a determination that you had or could acquire sufficient resources, or whether the Schengen countries you entered have some official policy of letting certain travelers in without inquiring into their means of subsistence based on some other criteria, presumably in the name of using their own resources more efficiently, or whether border guards informally adapt their practices based on their personal experiences.

I suspect that it's one of the first two; "acquire such means lawfully" would, after all, include the US repatriation loan. I can't tell you, however, whether there was some formal determination that this option meets the relevant requirement of the Schengen Borders Code or whether a historical absence of US citizens being unable to afford to return to the US has been formally recognized by any Schengen country.

Upvote:2

A few facts that go some way towards answering your question:

  • Entry requirements are basically the same for all third country nationals, including having a valid purpose, valid travel documents, the means to cover your costs of living and return to your place of residence, and not being banned from entering the Schengen area. The only extra requirement for people who need a visa is health insurance.
  • Some years ago, I came across some data on the average length of the landing interview in the Schengen area. I don't remember the details but the average was something like a minute and a half. That includes the time it takes to scan / check your document and read the outcome of any database lookup.
  • Depending on where the last flights come from, you can easily see some people held up for several minutes while being processed. That means many many people really only spend 30 s or less talking to a border guard (to balance out the unfortunate people who have to undergo a much longer interview). That's not a lot of time to check anything.
  • In fact, there is at least one Schengen country where US citizens are allowed to used automated passport gates on entry. Border guards are still present to stamp passports and can presumably pull someone aside if they see fit but there is no systematic interview and clearly no expectation that any of the entry requirements would be routinely checked (beyond citizenship and presumably a lack of alert in various databases, which could be flagged by the machine).

In theory, you could imagine that border guards would spend less time checking visa holders as they have been vetted before even taking a plane and had to submit a lot of documentation to establish that they meet the entry requirements. In practice, this does not appear to be the case (to say the least).

As @phoog noted, holding a return ticket when entering is not even a formal requirement. And yet, I have read about countless consulates (or third-party visa handling businesses) that basically demand that you produce one to apply for a visa and would not be surprised if some visa-free visitors had been challenged about it at the border.

It seems quite clear that you are not an outlier and the rules you are reading about are just there as a tool to be used selectively by border guards, not something you should expect to be enforced thoroughly every time you cross the border.

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