Upvote:5
It's not particularly common, though it applies in some cases. The specifics depend on the airport and airline involved.
There are some deadlines that are extremely common and apply to most flights where the pilot doesn't greet you by name:
Beyond that, the most common situation is that passengers are responsible for getting themselves through security and to the gate before the last-call time and can do so whenever they wish.
A significant exception, as gsnedders notes in comments, is London Heathrow. At T5, "You must enter airport security at least 35 minutes before your flight departs." The policy (with different time limits) has been applied to all terminals at Heathrow. This is a process they call "conformance" (or sometimes "Ready to Fly"), where boarding passes are scanned at security and the airline can determine roughly where passengers should be in their journey to the gate (check-in, security, lounge, etc...). Easyjet also has a 30 minute policy at Gatwick. The intent is to avoid delays by allowing baggage for no-show passengers to be removed, but the rules are enforced even for those passengers who do not have checked luggage.
Such policies aren't, in my experience, all that common outside of the UK, but it's a good idea to check the fine print on the airline's website if you think you'll be cutting it close.