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I finally managed to reach them by phone, they said that I can get a visa in any Brazilian consulate (except the one in Brasilia there are ones in Rio de Janeiro and SΓ£o Paulo, I haven't seen them mentioned on the embassy website). The process takes up to 5 working days.
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If a country doesn't have an embassy, that country (Poland in this case) falls into the jurisdiction of the nearest embassy, which in Europe seems to be in Brussels and in South America in Caracas. So the Polish MFA website is advising the citizens about the most convenient embassies to apply at.
That said, if the destination country allows visa application to be filed in any embassy in the world, then you can theoretically apply not just to the one in Brasilia but any Guyanese embassy.