Were Uncles referred to by surname in Victorian England?

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I can only answer from a British perspective, but I think the answer is certainly "yes". Jane Eyre always refers to her aunt as "Mrs Reed", and addresses her as " Aunt Reed". First names were far less frequently used in Victorian society - men, and boys at public school (private schools for US readers) almost universally addressed each other by their surnames, whilst women would refer to "Miss" or "Mrs" X, even if related - e.g my sister Lady Smith or my Aunt Jones. In one Victorian novel - sorry, will try to find the reference - a countess refers to her eldest son by his courtesy title, not his name. In the Barchester novels, Mrs Proudie regularly addresses her husband as "Bishop". To use a first name, particularly in relation to an older relative, would have been regarded as shockingly disrespectful.

Cannot answer for US usage, I'm afraid, which may well have been less formal. Hope this helps.

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Once again, it's Google Ngrams to the rescue.

Both British and American English show a very strong preference for "Uncle John" over "Uncle Smith" during the Victorian era.

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