(How) Did criminals in the middle ages get treatment for injuries?

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You're talking about a period lasting hundreds of years and an area spanning a continent, that's not going to be conducive towards there being a single correct answer. Overall though you seem under the impression that the society you're thinking of was much more organised along modern lines than it really was.

  1. your plague doctor was unlicensed because there was no medical licensing body. And in some areas the percentage of the population who died was so great there was no effective governing body at all.

  2. How would a doctor know the person presenting themselves for treatment was a criminal? Do you think the police (there was none, typically) were going to call on the local hospital (there were none) and ask for someone to treat the arrow to the knee of the horse thief they apprehended?

  3. There was not really much in the way of organised medical training being provided. What there was were people passing on their knowledge to apprentices or family members, mostly. The exception were monasteries where some semblance of formalised training existed for the inhabitants. These would normally offer sanctuary to anyone needing it, no questions asked (especially if you paid them a nice donation, of course).

Your criminal's best bet would thus be to find the nearest monastic brotherhood and beg for shelter. He might then be safe both from persecution by a lynch mob and receive food and what little medical treatment was available at the same time, at least for a while. In return he would likely be expected to make himself useful in the monastery doing chores and using what skills he has (maybe he knows how to do carpentry for example, or stone work).

The same'd be true for most anyone needing treatment for complaints that require more than a herbal brew or poultice of dung.

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