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For its first seven decades the federal government was supported almost entirely by customs revenue, not taxes on slaves.
Slavery's most direct connection to taxation occurred at the state/local level via property taxation. Einhorn's work on this topic is very good. Additional sources on antebellum politics, slavery, and property taxation can be found in the bibliography of The Rise and Fall of Wealth Taxation -- a general work on US property taxation that includes some coverage of the connections between slavery and property taxation (it builds on Einhorn's work in that respect).