Did German Princes during the Protestant Reformation often live in castles?

A story about a German prince can take place in a castle if the fictional time elapsed in the story is short enough for the prince and his court to stay at one place.

Remember that the King of England had a main palace, Westminster Palace, in the suburbs of his capital city London. Westminster Palace was used by the court from 1049 to 1512, when the royal living areas burned down. King Henry VIII acquired York Place nearby in 1534 and turned it into the main royal Palace of Whitehall. The king also had a residence, fortress, and prison in the city itself, The Tower of London.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Whitehall2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London3

And the King owned many other palaces, manors, castles, and country estates near London and father away in the kingdom, Windsor Castle is the most famous, and the king and his court traveled a lot from place to place. Part of the reason why the court moved around so much was they tended to use up a lot of food, grass, wood, water, and other resources and so had to move whenever the resources in one area were temporarily exhausted.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Castle4

For many centuries the main french royal palace was the Palais de la Cite in Paris, but King Charles V decided in 1364 to make the main royal residence farther from the city center, and for centuries the main royal court in Paris moved between places like the Hotel Saint-Pol, the Louvre, the Hotel des Tournelles, etc., and eventually to the Tuileries Palace built beginning in 1564.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_de_la_Cit%C3%A95

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Saint-Pol6

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre_castle7

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_des_Tournelles8

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuileries_Palace9

During the 16th century time frame of your story the French royal court spent a lot of time in various royal chateaux in the Loire Valley, including the Chateau d'Amboise, the Chateau de Blois, and the Chateau de Chambord.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Amboise10

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Blois11

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chambord12

And since the high nobles and princes in Germany lived like kings of little kingdoms, they and their courts would often move from one manor, castle, or palace to another one.

So if your story takes place over a few days, setting it in a castle of a prince is fine, so long as nobody states that it is the only castle of the prince. But if your story takes place over months, years, or decades, the idea that the prince's court is permanently located in one single castle becomes much less probable.

Definitely yes - provided your story is set prior to the widespread destruction of the castles that began about the time of the Thirty Years War (1618-1648).

However, note some important differences between German feudalism and our English language conceptions:

• The widespread practice of a form of Partible Inheritance in Germany (In German Ganerbschaft) resulted in the widespread fragmentationn of the original stem duchies by the time of Charles V accession in 1520.

  

  As an example, my answer to Why was William III of England referred to as the British-Batavian Nassau? notes that, at the end of the 17th century, there were ten distinct sovereign princes of the House of Nassau. Note that these families often inbred in attempts to re-unify through marriage the original stem duchy (see Habsburg Jaw and Charles II of Spain); and that the related families frequently lived very near each other in consequence.

• While all German nobles were Princes of the Holy Roman Empire, and sovereign (in particular over their own foreign affairs and wars), their formal titles (with English equivalent) might include:

  • Kurfürst - Prince Elector

  • Herzog - equal precedence to Duke

  • Markgraf (Margrave) and Landgraf (Landgrave) - equal precedence to Marquess, though on the Continent the former seems to have greater precedence than the latter.

  • Graf - equal precedence as an English Earl or Continental Count.

• A consequence of the former point, that German sovereign principalities were frequently quite small, is that many had to share a single castle (a Ganerbenburg) with related houses as with Elz Castle

  

  and Salzburg Castle.

  

Although it is clearly not an historical reference, in many ways Hogwarts Castle from the Harry Potter books functions as a Ganerbenburg Castle split amongst the four school houses.