What happened to the French soldiers evacuated at Dunkirk and elsewhere in 1940?

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Most of them were shipped back to France within the week. The Battle of France was not quite over and the Dunkirk evacuees were still French military.

Most French evacuees from Dunkirk had elected to be returned to the fight; the British troops had gone home to be re-equipped.

- Williams, Andrew. France, Britain and the United States in the Twentieth Century 1900–1940: A Reappraisal. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.

If there is little awareness of the great numbers of French extracted from Dunkirk, there is even less that most were back in their own country in under a week.

- Alexander, Martin. "Dunkirk in Military Operations, Myths and Memories." Britain and France in Two World Wars: Truth, Myth and Memory. Ed. Robert Tombs and Emile Chabal. A&C Black, 2013.

In hindsight, this was a massive potential loss for the incipient Free France.

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More than 100,000 evacuated French troops were moved to camps in various parts of south-western England, where they were temporarily lodged before being repatriated. British ships ferried French troops to Brest, Cherbourg, and other ports in Normandy and Brittany, although only about half of the repatriated troops were deployed against the Germans before the surrender of France. For many French soldiers, the Dunkirk evacuation represented only a few weeks' delay before being killed or captured by the German army after their return to France. Of the French soldiers evacuated from France in June 1940, about 3,000 joined Charles de Gaulle's Free French army in Britain. At least one ship repatriating the French soldiers to France was sunk by the Germans, with great loss of life.

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