What are the basis and larger connotations of the term “untimely born“ as St. Paul refers to himself in 1 Corinthians?

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What are the basis and larger connotations of the term “untimely born“ as St. Paul refers to himself in 1 Corinthians?

The Douay-Rheims 1899 Catholic edition of 1 Corinthians 15:7-9 goes as follows:

7 After that, he was seen by James, then by all the apostles.

8 And last of all, he was seen also by me, as by one born out of due time.

9 For I am the least of the apostles, who am not worthy to be called an apostle, because I persecuted the church of God.

Although not strictly a Catholic source, Bill Porter, hits the nail on the head:

Being "born out of due time" appears to be a very precise term--more so than merely, "untimely birth". Untimely birth could mean a premature birth, as well as a late birth. However, "due time" had already passed (according to Peter and the other apostles) for the birth of Paul when he was stopped on the road as he was nearing Damascus (See Acts, chapter 9). At that time, Paul was still warring with those disciples of Christ, including the very apostles he had just mentioned in verse 5 and 7.

The Catholic Encyclopedia has a foot note for this precise verse of Sacred Scripture:

St. Paul compares himself to a child born prematurely; hence it is difficult to see how there can be any allusion to the comparative lateness of our Lord’s appearance to him. He seems to be thinking rather of the sudden, catastrophic manner in which grace came to him. Others think that he compares himself out of humility, to a child born physically weak. - 1 Corinthians 15

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Remember that St. Paul said this in the context of listing eyewitnesses to Jesus's resurrection in which he was the last one to whom Jesus appeared, in contrast with the other apostles. St. Thomas Aquinas provided a natural reading of 3 ways of St. Paul's comparing himself to the other apostles as 3 aspects of a fetus untimely born:

  • outside the proper time (born after the coming of the Holy Spirit)
  • with violence (coercion at Damascus), and
  • lacking quantity (consider himself less virtuous, see v. 9)

From St. Thomas Aquinas's commentary on 1 Cor 15 (I added emphasis and formatting):

Last of all. Here the Apostle recalls the appearance made to him alone. In regard to this he does two things: first, he shows the order of the appearances; secondly, he assigns its reason (v. 9).

He says, therefore: I have said that Christ was manifested to all, but last of all, i.e., finally and after the resurrection he appeared to me as to one untimely born, and therefore as the latest. He says, as one untimely born for three reasons. One, untimely born refers to a fetus, because it is born outside the proper time or because it is brought forth with violence or because it is not born with due quantity; and because the Apostle saw these three things in himself, he says: as one untimely born.

  1. For, first of all, all he was reborn outside the time of the other apostles. For the other apostles were reborn in Christ before the coming of the Holy Spirit, but Paul after.

  2. Secondly, because the other apostles were converted to Christ spontaneously, but Paul by coercion: “He fell to the ground and heard a voice” (Ac 9:4). And this is of great value against heretics, who say that no one should be forced to the faith, because Paul was forced. And as Augustine says: Paul made more progress in the faith, although he was forcibly converted, than many who came spontaneously.

  3. Thirdly, because he regards himself as less than the others and that he had not arrived to the virtue of the other apostles.

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