Confession and Penance in the Catholic church
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The reason you don't see "penance" in the Bible is because of a difference in translation:
Matthew 3:2 in the English Standard Version, popular among protestants, says: "Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is at hand."
Matthew 3:2 in the Douay-Rheims, an English translation of the Latin Vulgate and primarily used by Catholics, says: "Do penance: for the kingdom of heaven is at hand."
The ESV is translating the Greek word metanoeó which means, "to change one's mind or purpose." The Vulgate translated the same Greek word into Latin as paenitentiam agite (indicating doing or performing repentance or penitence), and the Douay Rheims translates that as "do penance." The Catholic practice of penance grew from this, and can be supported from other passages in the Bible, as seen in the accepted answer to a similar question.
Obviously, the Reformers rejected this practice based on their interpretation of the relevant texts, but ultimately, whether the word "penance" is "in the bible" comes down to interpretation.
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