Did Jesus have the tradition of preserving of leavening agent in mind, while speaking of the Pharisees' Yeast?
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The straightforward meaning of using the illustration of yeast to apply to Pharisaical teaching is in yeast's property of spreading throughout the dough it is mixed into, to make the dough rise.
Yeast enlarges the initial 'ball' of dough. It makes it 'rise'. At least double more dough results. When we hear another statement of Jesus regarding those teachers, we see how he refers to the spreading of their teaching:
"Woe unto you scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For ye compass sea and land to make one proselyte, and when he is made, ye make him twofold more the child of hell than yourselves." Matthew 23:15 K.J.V.
The last thing Jesus wanted was the preserving of the traditions of the Pharisees' that made others candidates for hell!
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In Luke 12 Jesus tells us exactly what the leaven of the Pharisees is: hypocrisy.
In the mean time, when there were gathered together an innumerable multitude of people, insomuch that they trode one upon another, he began to say unto his disciples first of all, Beware ye of the leaven of the Pharisees, which is hypocrisy. - Luke 12:1
It is not so much the Old Covenant vs. the New Covenant which is in view in this teaching as it is the hypocritical mishandling of the Old Covenant law by the religious leaders of the day.
In Matthew 23 Jesus makes 7 distinct pronouncements of Pharisaic hypocrisy all the while upholding the Law. He tells His disciples to do what they say because they sit in Moses seat of authority but not to do what they do because they are wrongly motivated:
Then spake Jesus to the multitude, and to his disciples, Saying, The scribes and the Pharisees sit in Moses' seat: All therefore whatsoever they bid you observe, that observe and do; but do not ye after their works: for they say, and do not. For they bind heavy burdens and grievous to be borne, and lay them on men's shoulders; but they themselves will not move them with one of their fingers. But all their works they do for to be seen of men: they make broad their phylacteries, and enlarge the borders of their garments, And love the uppermost rooms at feasts, and the chief seats in the synagogues, And greetings in the markets, and to be called of men, Rabbi, Rabbi. - Matthew 23:1-7
So, in Matthew 16 Jesus uses the word διδαχή which is generally rendered as doctrine but this word covers the action of the teacher as well as the content of the teaching. Therefore, Jesus is telling the disciples to beware of the hypocritical action of the Pharisees and not the content of the teaching.
This is the leaven of the Pharisees ... beware of hypocrisy, it spreads!
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