In Catholicism, after receiving absolution from mortal sin, how do we regain the effects of the sacraments of baptism & confirmation?
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You seem to be asking about the “reviviscence” of the Sacraments (reviviscentia sacramentorum).
(b) It is certain and admitted by all, that if Baptism be received by an adult who is in the state of mortal sin, he can afterwards receive the graces of the sacrament, viz. when the obstacle is removed by contrition or by the sacrament of Penance. On the one hand the sacraments always produce grace unless there be an obstacle; on the other hand those graces are necessary, and yet the sacrament cannot be repeated. St. Thomas (III:69:10) and theologians find a special reason for the conferring of the effects of Baptism (when the "fiction" has been removed) in the permanent character which is impressed by the sacrament validly administered. Reasoning from analogy they hold the same with regard to Confirmation and Holy Orders, noting however that the graces to be received are not so necessary as those conferred by Baptism.
Cf. Pohle-Preuss, The Sacraments: A Dogmatic Treatise: Vol. 1: The Sacraments in General, pt. 1, ch. 5, §1 "The requisites of valid reception", (b); Leeming, S.J., Principles of Sacramental Theology, pp. 122-124, §"118. What exactly is the 'obex', the obstacle, to the infusion of grace?"
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