Questions on the five Skandhas

"Vedantic teachings inevitably lead to the direct discovery that "consciousness is all."

The above is a fitting distinction between Vedanta & Pali Buddhism. The short answer is, in Pali Buddhism, consciousness is not all. Many Pali suttas (MN 18, MN 38, MN 148, SN 12.67, SN 22.53, etc) explicitedly state consciousness is dependent on the physical body, sense organs & sense objects, that: "Apart from a requisite condition, there is no coming-into-play of consciousness"; that: "a coming, a going, a passing away, an arising, a growth, an increase or a proliferation of consciousness apart from form, from feeling, from perception, from fabrications ...would be impossible.".

'Rupa' is defined as the elements of earth, wind, fire & water & the physical body composed of them (MN 9, SN 12.2, etc); that is fed with rice & porridge (MN 74) & is anything physical that is subject to inevitable decay (SN 22.79). MN 62 provides an excellent description of 'rupa'.

'Feeling' is best understood as the basic pleasant, unpleasant & neither-pleasant-nor-unpleasant feelings that arises from sense contact. For example, a massage feels pleasant; the sight & smell of a rotting corpse feels unpleasant.

'Perception' is the labels placed on sense objects, such as 'blue', 'green', 'man', woman', 'beautiful', 'ugly', etc, which are learned & memorised.

'Mental forming' is anything formed from feeling & perception. For example, pleasant feelings & the perception of 'beautiful' can give rise to the mental formations of lust, greed or love and thinking & making images (mental pictures) about those objects of feeling & perception (refer to MN 18). Therefore, defilements (greed, hatred & delusion), active thoughts, images and positive virtues, such as metta & wisdom, are mental formations. What are called 'emotions' in English are a mixture of defilements & thoughts or otherwise 'mature emotions', such as metta.

'Consciousness' is a mental capacity that allows cognition via the senses. Thus the scriptures state: "There are these six classes of consciousness: eye-consciousness, ear-consciousness, nose-consciousness, tongue-consciousness, body-consciousness, mind-consciousness" (MN 9, SN 12.2, MN 148, etc)

Just because consciousness is required to experience the other four aggregates does not mean 'consciousness is all'. To believe so would make consciousness like 'God', 'Brahma' or 'Atman'. In a possible response to Vedic ideas, SN 35.23 states 'The All' is sense organs & sense objects rather than consciousness or Brahma. In Pali Buddhism, consciousness only facilities experience, that is all. For example, AN 3.134, SN 12.20 & SN 12.65 each state the Laws of Dhamma inherently exist whether or not they are discovered, cognized & revealed by a Buddha or any other human being. Therefore, unknown/unexperienced things can exist outside of consciousness.

In summary, the five aggregates are described in SN 22.79:

And why do you call it 'form'? Because it is afflicted, thus it is called 'form.' Afflicted with what? With cold & heat & hunger & thirst, with the touch of flies, mosquitoes, wind, sun & reptiles. Because it is afflicted, it is called form.

And why do you call it 'feeling'? Because it feels, thus it is called 'feeling.' What does it feel? It feels pleasure, it feels pain, it feels neither-pleasure-nor-pain. Because it feels, it is called feeling.

And why do you call it 'perception'? Because it perceives, thus it is called 'perception.' What does it perceive? It perceives blue, it perceives yellow, it perceives red, it perceives white. Because it perceives, it is called perception.

And why do you call it 'fabricating'/'fabricator'? Because it fabricates fabricated things, thus it is called 'fabricating.' What does it fabricate as a fabricated thing? For the sake of form-ness, it fabricates form as a fabricated thing. For the sake of feeling-ness, it fabricates feeling as a fabricated thing. For the sake of perception-hood... For the sake of fabrication-hood... For the sake of consciousness-hood, it fabricates consciousness as a fabricated thing. Because it fabricates fabricated things, it is called fabricating/fabricator.

And why do you call it 'consciousness'? Because it cognizes, thus it is called consciousness. What does it cognize? It cognizes what is sour, bitter, pungent, sweet, alkaline, non-alkaline, salty, & unsalty. Because it cognizes, it is called consciousness.

I will try to explain how one should understand this

“Monks, there are these three topics for discussion. Which three?

“One may talk about the past, saying, ‘Thus it was in the past.’ One may talk about the future, saying, ‘Thus it will be in the future.’ Or one may talk about now in the present, saying, ‘Thus it is now in the present.’

“Bhikkhus, there are these three pathways of language, pathways of designation, pathways of description, that are unmixed, that were never mixed, that are not being mixed, that will not be mixed, that are not rejected by wise ascetics and brahmins. What three?

“Whatever form, bhikkhus, has passed, ceased, changed: the term, label, and description ‘was’ applies to it, not the term ‘is’ or the term ‘will be.’

“Whatever feeling … Whatever perception … Whatever volitional formations … Whatever consciousness has passed, ceased, changed: the term, label, and description ‘was’ applies to it, not the term ‘is’ or the term ‘will be.’

“Whatever form, bhikkhus, has not been born, has not become manifest: the term, label, and description ‘will be’ applies to it, not the term ‘is’ or the term ‘was.’

“Whatever feeling … Whatever perception … Whatever volitional formations … Whatever consciousness has not been born, has not become manifest: the term, label, and description ‘will be’ applies to it, not the term ‘is’ or the term ‘was.’

“Whatever form, bhikkhus, has been born, has become manifest: the term, label, and description ‘is’ applies to it, not the term ‘was’ or the term ‘will be.’

“Whatever feeling … Whatever perception … Whatever volitional formations … Whatever consciousness has been born, has become manifest: the term, label, and description ‘is’ applies to it, not the term ‘was’ or the term ‘will be.’

“These, bhikkhus, are the three pathways of language, pathways of designation, pathways of description, that are unmixed, that were never mixed, that are not being mixed, that will not be mixed, that are not rejected by wise ascetics and brahmins.

“The past, reverends, is one end. The future is the second end. The present is the middle. And craving is the seamstress …

“Contact, reverends, is one end. The origin of contact is the second end. The cessation of contact is the middle. And craving is the seamstress...

what's called 'mind,' 'intellect,' or 'consciousness' by day and by night arises as one thing and ceases as another. Just as a monkey, swinging through a forest wilderness, grabs a branch. Letting go of it, it grabs another branch. Letting go of that, it grabs another one. Letting go of that, it grabs another one. In the same way, what's called 'mind,' 'intellect,' or 'consciousness' by day and by night arises as one thing and ceases as another.

In short when one talks about something, that something will be spoken in terms of past, present & future tense.

Whatever it is we are talking about will fit one of these categories but it will also be connected to everything else because it will have a past cause (origin is one end), it will be the caused in present tense (being in the middle) and it is a requisite cause for a future.

Therefore when we talk about there being 'consciousness', it will normally be associated with 3 points of reference as to the cause of it's coming into play, as to it's coming into play and as to the consequences of it's coming into play. The three are not one and the same consciousness.

The abnormal circumstances are the states associated with the cessation principle and the contact there is analogical because that seeing isn't classes among the 6 classes of sensory perception but as 'a seeing with dhamma eye' or 'consciousness unestablished [which doesn't land]'. In the Sutta Consciousness is also as conjoined with the Discernment faculty and discernment is that which discerns the change & persistence of the conditioned and it is said that no change is discerned in the persistence of the unconditioned.

Consciousness is that which cognizes, it cognizes eg 'a sour taste' but the sour sensation is also something one feels, perceives & fabricates (conceives to perceive) and these terms are in that conjoined but aren't the same in meaning such that a difference can be delineated but one can not separate them after the having done so, if one is true & real then the other is also true & real.

Form means generally the four elements are and are needed to grow a plant. Heat, solids, liquids and circulation. These elements and whatever is derived in dependence on these four elements will either be form or be associated with it somehow.

In the circumstance of 'eye-consciosuness'. Even tho the consciousness aggregate and the form aggregate aren't conjoined as the form aggregate doesn't have an object & is the object of the other 4 aggregates which are conjoined as they always accompany eachother.

Therefore eye-consciousness refers to any consciousness also accompanied by form, associated with form, generating form and cognizing it.

The aggregate of form is sometimes conceived & perceived, sometimes isn't conceived & perceived, it doesn't always accompany consciousness.

In the Sutta Consciousness is also as conjoined with the Discernment faculty and discernment is that which discerns the change & persistence of the conditioned.

The four great elements which are included in Form What is that form which is not derived? The sphere of the tangible, the fluid element—this is that form which is not derived. What is that form which is the sphere of the tangible? The earthy (solid) element, the lambent (calorific) element, the gaseous (aerial) element; the hard and the soft; the smooth and the rough; pleasant (easeful) contact, painful contact; the heavy and the light — such a tangible, invisible and producing impact, as, with the body-sensibility, invisible and reacting, one has touched, touches, will, or may touch … … against which tangible, invisible, and producing impact, the body-sensibility, invisible and reacting, has impinged, impinges, will, or may impinge … … such a tangible, invisible and producing impact, as has impinged, impinges, will, or may impinge against the body-sensibility, invisible and reacting … … in consequence of which tangible and depending on the body-sensibility, there has arisen, arises, will, or may arise bodily contact … and … born of that bodily contact, a feeling … [or] a perception … [or] thinking … [or] cognition of body … [further,] having a tangible as its object and depending on the body (-sensibility), there has arisen, arises, will, or may arise bodily contact … and … born of that bodily contact, a feeling … [or] a perception … [or] thinking … [or] cognition of body; this that is the tangible, the sphere and element of the tangible—this is that form which is the sphere of the tangible. What is that form which is the fluid? That which is fluid and belongs to fluid, that which is viscid and belongs to viscous, the cohesiveness of form—this is that form which is the fluid element.

[All] this is that form which is not derived.

What is that form which is derived? The spheres of vision Smell, Hearing Taste, body sensibility;

the spheres of sights, Odours, Sounds Tastes;

the faculties of femininity Masculinity, Vitality; intimation by act, intimation by speech; the element of space; the buoyancy of form plasticity of form wieldiness of form integration of form Maintenance Decay impermanence solid nutriment.

What is that form which is the sphere of vision?

The eye, that is to say the sentient organ, derived from the four Great Phenomena, included in the self-state, invisible and reacting,

(i.) depending on which eye, in consequence of some visible form, there has arisen, arises, will, or may arise

visual contact; … (ii.) and depending on which eye, in consequence of some visible form, there has arisen, arises, will, or may arise—(born of that visual contact)

a feeling … [or iii.] a perception … [or iv.] thinking … [or v.] a visual cognition … [further, vi.] depending on which eye, and having a visible form as its object, there has arisen, arises, will, or may arise

visual contact, (vii.) and depending on which eye, and having a visible form as its object, there has arisen, arises, will, or may arise, born of that visual contact,

a feeling … [or viii.] a perception … [or ix.] thinking … [or x.] visual cognition —this that is sight, the sphere of sight, etc. https://suttacentral.net/ds2.2.3/en/caf_rhysdavids

Welcome to the world of Buddhism where nothing is clear, everything is totally vague and confusing and where everyone has conflicting and contradictory opinions about how it should be practiced. Some people will tell you there is no right way to meditate, others will tell you you must make sure you are adhering strictly to a technique.

There's an article, The Five Aggregates (A Study Guide by Thanissaro Bhikkhu), which quotes what the Pali suttas say about the aggregates (i.e. the definitions of the aggregates in suttas), for example:

§ 9. Feeling. "And what is feeling? These six bodies of feeling — feeling born of eye-contact, feeling born of ear-contact, feeling born of nose-contact, feeling born of tongue-contact, feeling born of body-contact, feeling born of intellect-contact: this is called feeling."

-- SN 22.57

I could try to define them in my own words but, as you said, "many explanations of the five Skandhas online seem vague and sometimes seem to be interpreted differently, depending on where you go".

Oh well.

I suppose you could read many definitions and try to synthesize them; or read or listen to definitions by reputable teachers.

And/or, there's something called the Abhidharma (which I haven't read): I think the Abhidharma is not Buddhavacana but are a (only slightly later) more elaborate and perhaps more precise description of what various mental phenomena are and how they're related... and so if you want a detailed (or more detailed) description, perhaps (I don't know) you could look into the Abhidharma's description instead of the description implied by the list of Skandhas.

My new theory is as follows: that it's a simple list, into which you shouldn't try to read too much.

There's an article Three Cardinal Discourses of the Buddha: I suppose that (collection of three suttas) is a very high-level summary of the buddhavacana. In the The Not-self Characteristic (Anatta-lakkhana-sutta) uses but doesn't define the list of skandhas. It uses words like "form" and "feeling" without defining them, except to say that they're "not self".

So my theory is that the skandhas are a list of things which a person could possibly view as self (my form, my sense-impressions, my thoughts, etc.), but the purpose of this list is in order to say that these are "not self": so that a person becomes "estranged" from (perhaps instead of "entangled" with) each skandha, and with estrangement is able to become dispassionate and therefore liberated.

IOW it may not exactly matter what the skandhas are and the boundary of each one, how they map to English concepts such as "emotion", or whether a dog has Buddha-nature: what matters (for the purpose of this lesson) is that they're all "not self".

I noticed in this comment you were asking about dukkha. Because I just mentioned "not-self" I should clarify that Buddhism calls these the "three characteristics" (or three facts or three marks) of existence -- i.e. is says that all conditioned things (sankhāra) are impermanent (aniccā), unsatisfactory (dukkhā), and not-self (anattā).

Here is another quote which says that the purpose of analyzing the human being into skandhas is (merely) to show that these things (form, senses, perceptions, etc.) are impermanent:

Although the concept of anicca applies to all compounded and conditioned things, the Buddha is more concerned with the so-called being; for the problem is with man and not with dead things. Like an anatomist who resolves a limb into tissues and tissues into cells, the Buddha, the Analyzer (Vibhajjavaadi), analyzed the so-called being, the sankhaara pu~nja, the heap of processes, into five ever-changing aggregates, and made it clear that there is nothing abiding, nothing eternally conserved, in this conflux of aggregates (khandhaa santati). They are: — — material form or body; feeling or sensation; perception; mental formations; consciousness.

The Enlightened One explains:

The five aggregates, monks, are anicca, impermanent; whatever is impermanent, that is dukkha, unsatisfactory; whatever is dukkha, that is without attaa, self. What is without self, that is not mine, that I am not, that is not my self. Thus should it be seen by perfect wisdom (sammappa~n~naaya) as it really is. Who sees by perfect wisdom, as it really is, his mind, not grasping, is detached from taints; he is liberated.

-- SN 22.45

So the important thing to notice about the skandhas is that they're impermanent (and unsatisfactory and not-self).

There is a lot of questions in one question. You might consider splitting them up and asking separate questions. This ensures that other users will find it easier to answer the question and you will get better and more precise answers.

My answer is based on the last section of your question, i.e. the part about the 5th aggregate of consciousness.

Consciousness exists a taker of objects. Without consciousness there would be no awareness of the object.

You might have experienced this before, e.g. if you have been fully absorped in a good book or movie and someone calls your name and you dont hear it. That is not because the sound of the voice is not there, its just because consciousness was not at the ear-sensebase at that moment.

There are 3 factors that must come together in order to talk about conscious experience.

1. The sense base, e.g. The eye-sensebase.
2. Visible light which is the corresponding object for the eye
3. Eye consciousness

Consciousness is further divided into the 6 types according to it's bases:

• Eye consciousness cognizes light, i.e. visible forms and objects.

• Ear consciousness cognizes sound

• Nose consciousness cognizes smell

• Tongue consciousness cognizes taste

• Body consciousness cognizes tangible sensations

• Mind consciousness cognizes mental objects such as ideas, concepts, thoughts, volitions and other mental formations

To gain more knowledge about this i would recommend listening to this dhamma talk on the 5 aggregates by Ven. Bhikkhu Bodhi. This talk gives a detailed explanation of all the aggregates.

Rupa

Does this refer to physical form?

Yes, anything physical is included in this category. Ex: light, sound, aromas,earth element, water element, heat element, air element etc. However, with regards to the five skandhas, a thought is also called a rupa when it becomes the object received by the mind sense faculty. Ex: a memory

Can we only know form through the sense organs?

Yes, there'll be no knowing without the 6 senses.

Vedana

Are these just sensations from the sense organs?

Sense organs cannot produce sensation by themselves. The contact should occur. That is the union of Rupa, sense organ and the relevant consciousness. ex: light, eye and the eye consciousness

There are basically 3 kinds of sensations: pleasant, painful and neutral.

If this is the case, does emotion fall under sensation?

No, that is Sankhara(Mental Formation).

Sanna(Perception)

My understanding is that the faculty to recognize is consciousness

No. Consciousness is just base awareness.

how is perception and consciousness different?

Sanna(perception) is what recognizes the object specifically. Awareness cannot tell what it is. But awareness is present at this stage as they all rise together.

Sankhara(Mental Formation)

I'm assuming this is where emotions exist? Is happiness an emotion? Is loving-kindness an emotion?

Yes, that's right. Happiness, loving kindness, hatred, jealousy, craving etc. belong to this group

Vinnana(Consciousness)

If this is the case, then is consciousness that which observes sensations, mental formations, perception and form, or that which experiences sensation, perception, mental formations and form?

A single experience contains all 5 of the Skhandas. They make up the whole experience. Think of it as drinking a chocolate milk shake. When you drink it, do you feel the taste of milk, chocolate, sugar separately? No. You feel them all together. Consciousness is like the water they are all mixed in. Consciousness cannot separately observe anything. Observing itself is an experience where all 5 skandhas are present. In an experience, consciousness simply plays the role of being aware. When you are asleep, the ear consciousness may not be present at the ears. That's why you won't be able to hear, even if the sound hits the ears.

Can the experience of sensation exist if we are not conscious of it?

No. Every experience has all the 5 skhandas.

Are animals conscious?

Yes, they are beings. It's Panchaskhandha for them as well

what is the difference between consciousness and self-awareness?

Consciousness is what plays the role of being aware in an experience. Self-awareness is an experience(5 skandhas) in which the perception identifies the object of the experience as a self.

To give a common example to illustrate the functions of the Skandhas, say you are smelling something delicious. The smell and the nose here are Rupa. When they get together with the nose consciousness, contact happens. At that moment the Vinnana is aware that an object is present at the nose sense door. Vedana tells that it is pleasant. Sanna tells what it is: whether it's a pudding, cake, ice cream etc. Sankhara tells it's good and desires for it. Keep in mind that the event of smelling here involves many instances of five aggregates rising and passing away.