I finally found one of these boxes that had clear enough text.
It looks like these boxes are called ごみ収集ステーション which translated is ‘Garbage Collection Station’.
It looks like the notice is also describing different types of waste and explaining how they are sorted. Perhaps collections are picked up on different days depending on their type.
According to this website for foreign residents living in Japan, bagged trash must be taken to a designated pickup point.
Credit:stackoverflow.com‘