The information you found is outdated. There used to be a transit visa for the Schengen area but this is not the case anymore. And as you correctly surmised, the exemption for US visa holders only applies to the airport transit visa requirement. So you simply need a regular “uniform” short-stay Schengen visa if you want to leave the airport, no way around that.
Type B visas were abolished a few years ago. The site you’ve linked tois unofficial, despite its official-looking appearance. I am afraid you need a normal short-stay visa, type C.
In any event, the application procedure for the two visas was essentially the same; you had to apply at a consulate. So the type B visa wouldn’t have helped you anyway.
Credit:stackoverflow.com‘
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