Haikeren.no is not used much. For Northern Norway (Nordland, Troms, Finnmark), there is a dedicated Facebook group for exactly this purpose.
I found this site: carpoolworld.com with Norway listings, but the community here does not seem so big as Mitfahrzentrale or Mitfahrgelegenheit (in other countries also known as Carpooling).
So, the answer would be: similar websites are popular in several European countries, but not in Norway in particular.
There is a similar exchange for hitch-hikers in Norway called haikeren.no. I haven’t used it, but I would find it strange if you find any offers for a ride on an odd route like Kiruna-Tromsø on a specific date. You can of course place your own ad to tell that you are looking for a ride, but I don’t think the site is well known and much in use. Even if you got a catch, I am not sure if I would rely on an offer if you really need to be in Tromsø on time to get your flight.
If you are looking for other options, I have a few suggestions:
The first one is pretty tight, but since the new train schedule adds almost two hours to the journey time from Stockholm to Narvik, there is at least a chance that the train will not run late so often.
You probably have to pre-order a taxi to Katterat station and perhaps check if the bus stops in Trældal (I would be very surprised if it did not).
Another option is that if any of the car rental companies in Kiruna by chance have a car with Norwegian license plates present, you may get a good deal if you take it back to Norway for them. Otherwise, cross-border one-way-fees are usually very high.
Credit:stackoverflow.com‘