The answer depends entirely on the nationality of the traveler, which country they are traveling to, and which specific airport they are traveling through in Canada – but in general most flights through Canada airports do require you to pass through Canadian Immigration, and thus if you require a Visa to enter Canada, you will need one to transit too.
Star Alliance has a good tool on their website at that will tell you whether you need a Visa for a specific trip – both at your destination country as well as at a transit country.
There are a few exceptions the the requirements listed on that site if you are traveling to the US via Canada, such as the “China Transit Trial” (travel from China to the US via Canada, on a small set of airlines and through a small number of airports), but these are the exception and not the rule.
I believe this depends on the airport where you have your connection. Toronto has a mechanism for those with connections that doesn’t involve clearing through customs into Canada. It depends on where you are going from and to though, so check with the airport to be sure.
For example at Toronto Pearson it says “Some International to U.S. connecting flights at Terminal 1 do not require passengers to clear Canada Border Services Agency before clearing U.S. Customs and Border Protection inspection.”
Credit:stackoverflow.com‘
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