Upvote:1
No, visas cannot and will not be extended inside the Schengen Area, and to re-enter Schengen (or even board a plane) you need the original blue card.
The simple fact is that without either a valid visa or the original blue card, you're not getting back in.
So cancel your marriage visit if you don't receive the blue card in time and cannot get a temporary visa (call the embassy in India to ask about this).